Computer Networks

Computer Networks
LECTURE OVERVIEW
𝗈 Multiplexing
𝗈 FDM
𝗈 Applications of FDM
𝗈 The analog hierarchy
Lecture Overview
● WDM
➢ Similarity to FDM
➢ Applications of WDM
● TDM
➢ Synchronous TDM
➢ Statistical TDM
➢ Interleaving
WAYS OF HANDLING NETWORK
TRAFFIC
𝗈 As data communication usage increases so does
traffic.
𝗈 We can handle traffic problems by two ways.

➢ Continue to add individual lines each time a new channel is
needed.
➢ Install higher bandwidth links and use each to carry
multiple signals.
𝗈 If the bandwidth of a link is greater than the

bandwidth needs of the devices connected to it,the
bandwidth is wasted
MULTIPLEXING
𝗈 Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two
devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared.
𝗈 Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows

simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single link.
𝗈 In a multiplexed system, n lines share the

bandwidth of one link.
DIVIDING A LINK IN TO
CHANNELS
CATEGORIES OF MULTIPLEXING
FDM(FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING)
𝗈 FDM is an analog technique that can be applied when the
bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidth of the
signals to be transmitted.
𝗈 In FDM, signals generated by each sending device

modulate different carrier frequencies.
𝗈 These modulated signals are then combined in to a single

composite signal that can be transported by the link.
𝗈 Channel Must be separated by strips of unused

bandwidth(guard bands) to prevent signals from
overlapping.
FDM(FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING)
MULTIPLEXING IN FDM
DEMULTIPLEXING IN FDM
Example 1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 KHz. We
need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth
of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration using the
frequency domain without the use of guard bands.
Solution
Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure.
EXAMPLE 1
Example 2
Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link
if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the
channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz,
as shown in Figure.
EXAMPLE 2
ANALOG HIERARCHY
APPLICATIONS OF FDM
𝗈 A very common application of FDM is AM and
FM radio broad casting.
• band from 530 to 1700 kHz
• AM station needs 10kHz of bandwidth
• The situation is similar in FM broadcasting.
• FM has a wider band of 88 to 108 MHz
• each station needs a bandwidth of 200 kHz
𝗈 Another common application is Television broad
casting.
Example
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The
first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for sending; and 869 to 894 MHz
is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each
direction. The 3-KHz voice is modulated using FM, creating 30 KHz
of modulated signal. How many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?
Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz into 30 KHz, we
get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832 channels.
WDM
(Wave Division Multiplexing)
● WDM is designed to use the high data rate capability
of fiber optic cable.
● Using a fiber-optic cable for one single line wastes the

available bandwidth.
● Multiplexing allows us to connect several lines in to one.

Similarity to FDM
● WDM is conceptually the same as FDM,except
that the multiplexing and demultiplexing involve
optical signals transmitted through fiber-optic
channels.
● We are combining different signals of different

frequencies.
● However the difference is that the frequencies are

very high.
WDM
Prisms in WDM
Applications of WDM
● Application
of WDM is the SONET network in
which multiple optical fiber lines are multiplexed
and demultiplexed.
● Note:- A new Method called DWDM(dense WDM)

can Multiplex a very large number of channels.
It achieves even greater efficiency.
TDM
(Time Division Multiplexing)
● TDMis a digital process that allows several
connections to share a link.
● Insteadof sharing a portion of bandwidth as in

FDM,time is shared.
● Each connection occupies a portion of time in the

link.
TDM
Time slots and frames
● The dataflow of each connection is divided in to units and
the link combines one unit of each connection to make a
frame.
● The size of the unit can be 1 bit or several bits.
● For n input connections, a frame is organized in to a

minimum of n time slots.
● Each slot carrying one unit from each connection.
● Time slots are combined in to frames.

TDM
Synchronous TDM
Limitations of synchronous TDM
● Synchronous TDM does not guarantee that the

capacity of the link is fully used.
● Because the time slots are preassigned and fixed whenever

the connected device is not transmitting, the
corresponding slot is empty and that much of the path is
wasted.
Interleaving
● TDM can be visualized as two fast rotating switches, one on
the multiplexing side and the other on the demultiplexing
side.
● The switches are synchronized and rotate at the same
speed.
● On the multiplexing side, as the switch opens in front of a
connection, that connection has the opportunity to send
a unit on to the path .
● This process is called interleaving.
● On the demultiplexing side, as the switch opens in front of
a connection that connection has the opportunity to
receive a unit from the path.
Interleaving
Synchronization in TDM
The implementation of TDM is not as easy as that of

FDM.
If the multiplexer and the demultiplexer are out of

synchronization, a bit belonging to one channel may be
received by the wrong channel.
For this reason one or more synchronization bits are

usually added to the beginning of each frame.
These bits are called framing bits.

Synchronization in TDM cont…
These bits follow a pattern from frame to frame, that allows the
demultiplexer to synchronize with the incoming stream so that it
can separate the time slots accurately.
In most cases this synchronization information consists of 1 bit

per frame, alternating between 0 and 1.
Framing bits
Asynchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM
● Asynchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM is designed to

avoid the waste in synchronous TDM.
● The term asynchronous means flexible not fixed here.
● In asynchronous system,if we have n lines, the frame contains
no more than m slots with m less than or equal to n.
● The number of slots m in asynchronous TDM frame is
based on a statistical analysis of the number of input lines that
are likely to be transmitting at any given time.
● The multiplexer scans the input lines, accepts portions of data
until a frame is filled.
● Then it sends the frame across the link.
Synchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM
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Computer Networks

𝗈 We can handle traffic problems by two ways.

𝗈 If the bandwidth of a link is greater than the

𝗈 Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows

𝗈 In a multiplexed system, n lines share the

𝗈 In FDM, signals generated by each sending device

𝗈 These modulated signals are then combined in to a single

𝗈 Channel Must be separated by strips of unused

● Using a fiber-optic cable for one single line wastes the

● Multiplexing allows us to connect several lines in to one.

● We are combining different signals of different

● However the difference is that the frequencies are

● Note:- A new Method called DWDM(dense WDM)

● Insteadof sharing a portion of bandwidth as in

● Each connection occupies a portion of time in the

● The size of the unit can be 1 bit or several bits.

● For n input connections, a frame is organized in to a

● Each slot carrying one unit from each connection.

● Time slots are combined in to frames.

● Synchronous TDM does not guarantee that the

● Because the time slots are preassigned and fixed whenever

The implementation of TDM is not as easy as that of

If the multiplexer and the demultiplexer are out of

For this reason one or more synchronization bits are

These bits are called framing bits.

In most cases this synchronization information consists of 1 bit

● Asynchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM is designed to

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