NUMBER

SYSTEM
Natural Numbers:

Counting Numbers 1,2,3,4,5…………… are known as natural numbers.

The set of natural numbers can be represented by N= {1,2,3,4,5……}

Whole Numbers:

If we include 0 among the natural numbers, then the Numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5………are

called whole numbers.
The set of whole numbers can be represented by W= {0,1,2,3,4,5……}
Clearly, every natural number is a whole number but 0 is a whole number which is
not a natural number.

Integers:

All Counting Numbers and their negatives including 0 are known as integers.
The set of Integers can be represented by I= {…..-4,-3,-2,-1, 0 ,1,2,3,4……}
-ve Integers +ve Integers
Rational Numbers:

The numbers are in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 are known as
Rational numbers. 𝟐 𝟓 −𝟒
𝒆𝒈 .: , , 𝒆𝒕𝒄
𝟑 𝟕 𝟗

Irrational Numbers:

Those numbers which when expressed in decimel form are neither terminating nor
repeating decimals, are known as irrational numbers.

𝒆𝒈 .: √𝟐, √ 𝟑, √𝟓 , 𝝅 𝒆𝒕𝒄
Note: That the exact value of
Real Numbers:

The rational and irrational numbers combined are called real numbers.
𝟐𝟐
𝒆𝒈 .: , √ 𝟓 , 𝟒+ √ 𝟐 , 𝟔+ √ 𝟓 𝒆𝒕𝒄 . 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 .
𝟕

Complex Numbers:

Complex numbers can be represented in the form of a + ib, where a and b are real
numbers and i=. Thus 3+4i, 6+2i, I, 2i etc are complex numbers.

Even Numbers:

All those numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
E.g.: 2, 4, 6, 8 etc.

Odd Numbers:

All those numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
E.g.: 1, 3, 5, 7,9 etc.
Prime Numbers:

Number divisible by 1 and itself and not divisible by any other number are called prime
numbers.
e.g.: 2, 3, 5, 7,11 etc.
Note: 2 is the only prime number which is even. Rest all are odd prime numbers.

Composite Numbers:

Natural numbers greater than 1 which are not prime are composite numbers.

e.g.: 4, 6, 9, 15 etc.

Coprime Numbers:

Two numbers which have only 1 as the common factors are called Coprime or relatively
prime to each other.
e.g.: (3,7) , (8,9) , (36,25) etc.
Note: Here 8 & 9 are not prime numbers but since they have only one common factor
i.e., 1.
So, they are coprime numbers.
 TEST OF DIVISIBILITY

2 3 4
A number is divisible by
A number is divisible by A number is divisible by
3 if the sum of digit in
2 if the unit digit is 0 or 4 if its last two digit is
the number is divisible
divisible by 2. divisible by 4.
by 3

e.g.: 22, 42, 84, 3872 e.g.: 2553 e.g.: 2652

etc. Here 2+5+5+3 = 15, Here 52 is divisible by 4
which is divisible by 3 so 2652 is divisible by
hence 2553 is divisible 4.
by 3. e.g.: 3772, 584, 904 etc.
 TEST OF DIVISIBILITY

5 6 8
A number is divisible by
A number is divisible by A number is divisible by
6 if the number is even
5 if the unit digit in 8 if its last three digit is
and sum of digits in the
number is 0 or 5. divisible by 8.
number is divisible by 3

e.g.: 4536 is an even e.g.: 47472

e.g.: 50, 505, 405 etc. Here 472 is divisible by
number also sum of
digits 4+5+3+6 = 18, 8 so 47472 is divisible
which is divisible by 3 by 8.
hence 4536 is divisible
by 6.
e.g.: 72, 8448, 3972 etc.
 TEST OF DIVISIBILITY

9 10 11
A number is divisible by A number is divisible by
A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of
9 if the sum of its digit
10 if its unit digit is 0. sum at odd places and
is divisible by 9.
sum of digit at even
places is either 0 or
e.g.: 108936 here e.g.: 90, 900, 34920, 740 divisible by 11.
1+0+8+9+3+6 = 27 etc.
which is divisible by 9 & e.g.: 1331
hence 108936 is The sum of digit at odd
divisible by 9. place is 1+3 and sum of
digit at even places is
3+1 and their difference
is 4-4 = 0. so, 1331 is
divisible by 11.
 HCF and LCM of Numbers
H.C.F ( Highest Common Factor)

H.C.F of two or more number is the greatest number that divides each one of them
exactly.
For example, 8 is the highest common factor of 16 and 40.

L.C.M ( Least / Lowest Common Factor)

L.C.M of two or more number is the least or lowest number which is exactly
divisible by each of them.
For example, LCM of 8 and 12 is 24, because it is the first number which is
multiple of both 8 and 12.
 HCF and LCM of Fractions
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒇 Where denominator is not equal to 0
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝑯 . 𝑪 . 𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑳. 𝑪 . 𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔
𝑯 . 𝑪 . 𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏= 𝑳. 𝑪 . 𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏=
𝑳. 𝑪 . 𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑯 . 𝑪 . 𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 : 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑯𝑪𝑭 ∧𝑳𝑪𝑴 𝒐𝒇 , ,
𝟐 𝟑 𝟕

𝑯 . 𝑪 . 𝑭 𝒐𝒇 (𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑) 𝟏 𝑳 . 𝑪 . 𝑴 𝒐𝒇 (𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑) 𝟔
𝑯 . 𝑪 . 𝑭= = 𝑳.𝑪 .𝑴 = = =𝟔
𝑳 . 𝑪 . 𝑴 𝒐𝒇 (𝟐 ,𝟑 , 𝟕) 𝟒𝟐 𝑯 . 𝑪 . 𝑭 𝒐𝒇 (𝟐 , 𝟑 ,𝟕) 𝟏
 Important Algebraic Formula
( 𝑎+ 𝑏 )2= 𝑎2 +𝑏 2+2 𝑎𝑏 ( 𝑎 − 𝑏 )2= 𝑎 2+𝑏 2 − 2 𝑎𝑏 (a+b)(a-b)

( 𝑎+ 𝑏 )2 + ( 𝑎 − 𝑏 )2= 2(𝑎 ¿ ¿ 2+ 𝑏2) ¿ ( 𝑎+ 𝑏 )2 − ( 𝑎 − 𝑏 )2= 4 𝑎𝑏

+3ab(a+b)

3ab(a-b)

𝑎 3 +𝑏3 =(𝑎 +𝑏)(𝑎 2+ 𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑏) 𝑎 3 − 𝑏3 =( 𝑎 −𝑏)(𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑎𝑏 )

(a+b)(a-b)

𝑎 3+ 𝑏3 +𝑐 3 − 3 𝑎𝑏𝑐
2 2 2
=(𝑎 +𝑏+𝑐)
𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 −𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎
 Condition of Divisibility for Algebraic Function

Ex.:

2. or even)
Ex.:

3. or even)
Ex.:
)

Similarly,
also
 Factors of Composite Number
Composite number are the number which can be factorized into prime factors, or
simply we can say that composite number are those numbers which are not prime.

For ex.: 8 is a composite number since it can be factorized into , 8= 2x2x2

Similarly, 9 is also a composite number, i.e., 9=3x3

Here, , ,
Factors of composite number = (+1) (+1) (+1)……. (+1)

For ex.: 18=2 3 3=

Factors of 18 = (1+1) 2+1)= 2 3=6 Clearly it contains six factors 1,2,3,6,9 and 18
Factors of 6= Factors=(1+1) (1+1)=4 i.e., 1,2,3 and 6
72= 2 2 2 3 3 = Factors = (3+1) (2+1)=4x3 = 12
 360=2 =
Factors of 360 = (3+1) (2+1) (1+1)= 43 =24
 120=2 =
Factors of 120 = (3+1) (1+1) (1+1)= 4=16
 1800=2 =
Factors of 1800= (3+1) (2+1) (2+1)= 43 =36
 64=2 =
Factors of 64 = (6+1) = 7 Factors are = 1, 2,4 , 8, 16, 32, 64
 1024 =
Factors of 1024 = (10+1) = 11
 625 =
Factors of 625 = (4+1) = 5 Factors are = 1, 5, 25 , 125, 625
 Counting Numbers of Zeros
Sometimes we come across problems in which we have to count number of zeros
at the end of factorial of any number. For example

Number of zero at the end of 10!

10!=10
Here basically we have to count number of fives, because multiplication of five by
any even number will result in 0 at the end of final product. In 10! We have 2 fives
thus total number of zeros are 2.

Short Cut:
Counting number of zeros at the end of n!

The integral value of this sum will be the total number of zeros.
Ex 1: Counting number of zeros at the end of 10!

The integral value of this sum will be 2.

Note : Here is less than 1 so will not count it.

Ex 2: Counting number of zeros at the end of 100!

The integral value of this sum will be 20+4=24 zeros.

Ex 3: Counting number of zeros at the end of 126!

The integral value of this sum will be 25+5+1=31 zeros.

Ex 4: Counting number of zeros at the end of 500!

The integral value of this sum will be 100+20+4=124 zeros.

Ex 5: Counting number of zeros at the end of 1000!

The integral value of this sum will be 200+40+8+1=249 zeros.

Ex 6: Counting number of zeros at the end of 50!

The integral value of this sum will be 10+2=12 zeros.

Ex 7: Counting number of zeros at the end of 90!

The integral value of this sum will be 18+3=21 zeros.

 Cyclicity
Cyclicity of a number is used mainly for the calculation of unit digits.

1. Cyclicity of 1.
In

2. Cyclicity of 2. Ex 1. Find unit digit of number .

Sol. : Here unit digit will repeat as 2, 4, 8, 6 after every four interval till 52 next 53
will be 2 and 54 will be 4. So, unit digit will be 4.

Ex 2. Find unit digit of number .

Sol. : Here unit digit will repeat as 2, 4, 8, 6 after every four interval till 320 next
digit will be 2, 4, 8. So, unit digit of will be 8.

Ex 3. Find unit digit of number .

Sol. : Here unit digit of
will be 6 4 = 2 4 ; 4 Ans.
3. Cyclicity of 3. Ex 1. Find unit digit of number .
Sol. : Here unit digit will repeat as 3, 9, 7, 1 after every four interval till 80 next 81
will be 3.

Ex 2. Find unit digit of number .

Sol. : Here unit digit will repeat as 3, 9, 7, 1 after every four interval till 320 next
digit will be 3, 9, 7. So, unit digit of will be 7.

Ex 3. Find unit digit of number .

Sol. : Here unit digit of
will be 7 9 = 6 3 ; 3 Ans.
 Squares of Numbers
From following table, we come to know that square of a
1 121
number always ends with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 9 as unit digit.
22=4 122=144
Square of a number can never have 2, 3, 7 & 8 in its unit
9 9
place.
16 196
On observing squares of numbers between 21 to 29 we get
25 25
following pattern.
4 41 292 =8 41 36 6
4 84 282 =8 84 49 9
232 =5 29 27 2=7 29
64 14
24 2=5 76 26 2=6 76
81 1
252 =6 25
100 00
Note: Here last two digits are common.
Shortcuts for calculation of squares of numbers
between 41 to 50
Ex-1 Ex-2 Ex-3

50 -2 50 -6 50 -9

25 25 25

23 04 04 19 36 36 16 81 81

=2304 =1936 =1681

Square of -2 is equal to 04 so Square of -6 is equal to 36 so Square of -9 is equal to 81 so

we have written 04 in last we have written 36 in last we have written 81 in last

two places. Square of 5 is 25, two places. Square of 5 is 25, two places. Square of 5 is 25,

from which we added -2 and from which we added -6 and from which we added -9 and

get 23. So square of 48 is get 19. So square of 44 is get 16. So square of 48 is

2304. 1936. 1681.

Shortcuts for calculation of squares of numbers
between 50 to 60
Ex-1 Ex-2 Ex-3

50 +3 50 +6 50 +9

25 25 25

28 09 09 31 36 36 34 81 81

=2809 =3136 =3481

Square of +3 is equal to 09 Square of +6 is equal to 36 Square of +9 is equal to 81

so we have written 09 in last so we have written 36 in last so we have written 81 in last

two places. Square of 5 is 25, two places. Square of 5 is 25, two places. Square of 5 is 25,

from which we added +3 from which we added +6 from which we added +9

and get 28. So square of 53 is and get 31. So square of 56 is and get 34. So square of 59 is

2809. 3136. 3481.

 OBSERVATIONS
Square of two-digit number having 5 in unit places can be calculated very easily.
n5 here n may be any number between 1 to 9.
( 𝒏 𝟓 )𝟐= [ 𝒏 × ( 𝒏+𝟏 ) ] 𝟐𝟓

Ex. Ex.

Ex. Ex.

Ex. Ex.

Ex. Ex.

Ex.
 Some Multiplication Techniques
Case-1 Case-2 Case-3
When both numbers When both numbers When one numbers is
are greater than 100 are less than 100 greater than 100 another

Ex-1 Ex-2 number is less than 100

92 is -8 number away from Ex-1
106 is +6 number away from
100 and 93 is -7 number 105 is +5 number away from
100 and 103 is +3 number
away from 100 100 and 93 is -7 number
away from 100
away from 100
105 +5
106 +6 92 -8
×
× ×
93 -7
103 +3 93 -7
98 00
109 +18 85 +56
-35
=10918 =8556 =9800
-35
=9765
 Case-1 Case-2 Case-3
104 +4 88 -12 111 +11
× × ×
105 +5 95 -5 88 -12

109 +20 85 +60 99 00

=10920 =8360 -132

=9900
93 -7 -132
108 +8
× × =9768
111 +11 87 -13
80 +91 115 +15
119 +88
×
=11988 =8091
85 -15
100 00
121 +21 89 -11
× × -225
88 -12 =10000
105 +5 -225
77 +1 +1/32
126 +1 +1/05 =9775
=7832
=12705