Classification of Soil

classification of soilsoils
1. A
2. alluvial Soil
3. Red soil
4. Black soil
5. laterite soil
6. Mountain soil
7. Desert soil
8. Saline soil
9. Mangrove soil
Alluvial soil
• Covers 42% of Indian soil
• Deposition of river
• Most fertile
• Rich in organic material, organic minerals and well drained
Location
• Northern plains- deposited by 3 important rivers Indus, ganga and
Brahmaputra
• Extent to Rajasthan and Gujarat
• Eastern coastal plains- deltas of Mahanadi , Krishna, kaveri and Godavari
rivers
Composition- sand, silt and clay
composition
• Inland areas of river valley-big size of soil particles
• Areas of slope break or upper reaches of river valley- coarse soil
• Such soils common in piedmont plain -duars, chos, terai
Duars alluvial floodplains in eastern-northeastern India that lie south of the
outer foothills of the Himalayas and north of the Brahmaputra River basin.
‘chos’ in the plain where their beds are broad, braided, shallow and sandy
lands lying at the foot of a watershed" or "on the banks of a river; low
ground flooded with water, valley, basin, marshy ground, marsh, swamp;
meadow".
Types of alluvial soil on the basis of age
1. Banger-old alluvial soil, rich in kanker nodule
2. Khadar-
new alluvial soil,
more fine
particals and
More fertile
Minerals and crops
• Potash, phosphoric acid and lime

• Ideal for the growth of
1. Sugarcane
2. Paddy
3. Wheat
4. Cereal crops
5. Pulse rops
Due to high fertility- intensively cultivated and densely populated
Black soil/ regur soil
• black in colour mainly because -formed by weathering of lava rocks and are high
iron, alumina and magnesia content.
• Best suited for cotton
• N-w of deccan trap(basalt) region
• Maharashtra,suarashtra,malwa,
MP, Chhattisgarh & extend in s-e direction
k-G valleys
• Material-clay
• High moisture holding capacity
• Rich in caco3,mg,potash,phosporous
4.Develop deep cracks during hot weather, helps in proper aeration
5. Sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after
rainfall.
Red And yellow soils- red color due diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. Looks yellow in hydrated form
• In crystalline igneous rocks in low rainfall areas
• Eastern and southern parts of deccan plateau
• Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of middle ganga plain and piedmont zone of
western ghats
Laterite soil- means brick
• Areas- high temp & heavy rf.- intense leaching
• due to high temp.
1. micro organisms, particularly bacteria get destroyed
2. Low humus
• Cultivation is possible after using adequate
dose of manures and fertilizers
• Useful for growing tea and coffee
• Found in hilly areas of of Karnataka,kerala, tamil nadu, MP
• Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh and kerala are more suitable for crops like
cashewnuts
Arid soil- range from red to brown in color
• Sandy in texture and saline in nature
• High soil content and common soil is obtained by evaporating the water
• Lacks humus- due to
1. Dry climate
2. High temp
3. High evaporation
And soil lacks humus and moisture
Lower horizons of soil occupied by kanker bcz of high ca, restricts infiltration of
water
After irrigation soils become cultivable ex. Western rajasthan
Forest soil
• found in hilly and mountainous region – where sufficient rain forests are
available
• Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse in upper slope
• Snow covered Himalayas
• Experience denudation(processes that cause the wearing away of the
Earth's surface by moving water, by ice, by wind etc)
• Acidic with low humus content
• In lower parts of valleys
Soil erosion
• The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as
soil erosion.
• The soil erosion is caused due to human activities
1. deforestation
2. over-grazing,
3. construction and mining etc. natural forces like wind, glacier and water which
lead to soil erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of
farming.
Natural forces -
• natural forces like wind, glacier and water which lead to soil erosion.
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming.
• The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels
as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.
When water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope and the topsoil
is washed away, it is known as sheet erosion. Wind blows loose soil off flat
or sloping land known as wind erosion.
Soil conservation
• Different Ways for Soil Conservation
• Ploughing along the contour lines decelerate the flow of water down the
slopes. This is called Contour Ploughing.
• Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. This type of agriculture practice is done
in Western and Central Himalayas.
• When a large field is divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops. Then, this breaks up the force of the wind. This method is
known as Strip Cropping.
• Planting lines of trees to create shelter helps in the stabilization of sand
dunes and in stabilizing the desert in western India. Rows of such trees are
called Shelter Belts.
Strip farming and contour farming

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classification of soilsoils

• Potash, phosphoric acid and lime

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