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    Types of Soils: Sneha Tikoo

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    Sanjay Sharma
    This document describes the major types of soils found in India according to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. It outlines eight major types: alluvial soils, black soils, red soils, laterite soils, desert soils, mountain soils, saline and alkaline soils, and peaty and marshy soils. For each soil type, it discusses characteristics like composition, color, texture, nutrient content, geographical distribution, and common crops grown. It also covers topics of soil erosion, its causes and effects, and measures for soil conservation.

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    Types of Soils: Sneha Tikoo

    Uploaded by

    Sanjay Sharma
    110 views20 pages
    This document describes the major types of soils found in India according to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. It outlines eight major types: alluvial soils, black soils, red soils, laterite soils, desert soils, mountain soils, saline and alkaline soils, and peaty and marshy soils. For each soil type, it discusses characteristics like composition, color, texture, nutrient content, geographical distribution, and common crops grown. It also covers topics of soil erosion, its causes and effects, and measures for soil conservation.

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    Types of Soil

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    This document describes the major types of soils found in India according to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. It outlines eight major types: alluvial soils, black soils, red soils, laterite soils, desert soils, mountain soils, saline and alkaline soils, and peaty and marshy soils. For each soil type, it discusses characteristics like composition, color, texture, nutrient content, geographical distribution, and common crops grown. It also covers topics of soil erosion, its causes and effects, and measures for soil conservation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    110 views20 pages

    Types of Soils: Sneha Tikoo

    Uploaded by

    Sanjay Sharma
    This document describes the major types of soils found in India according to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. It outlines eight major types: alluvial soils, black soils, red soils, laterite soils, desert soils, mountain soils, saline and alkaline soils, and peaty and marshy soils. For each soil type, it discusses characteristics like composition, color, texture, nutrient content, geographical distribution, and common crops grown. It also covers topics of soil erosion, its causes and effects, and measures for soil conservation.

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    TYPES OF SOILS

    Presented By :

    SNEHA TIKOO
    SOILS OF INDIA
    – Loose material and uppermost layer of earth’s
    crust.
    – Important natural resource.
    – Formed due to weathering of rocks.
    – Provides nutrients & water to plants.
    • Factors affecting soil formation:
    • Climate
    • Vegetation
    • Age of rock
    • Relief and
    • Parent rock
    TYPES OF SOILS
    • Eight major types according to Indian Council of
    Agricultural Research (ICAR).
    – Alluvial soils
    – Black soils
    – Red soils
    – Laterite soils
    – Desert soils
    – Mountain soils
    – Saline and Alkaline soils
    – Peaty and Marshy soils
    ALLUVIAL SOIL
    – Formed by deposition of alluvium by rivers.
    – Occupies 15 Lakh sqkm area in India.
    – Contribute greatly in agricultural development.
    • Two types: KHADAR & BHANGAR
    • KHADAR: Newer alluvium.
    – Sandy, pale brown composition.
    – Found in lower areas.
    – Flooded every year.
    ALLUVIAL SOIL
    • BANGAR: Older alluvium.
    – Clayey & dark in colour.
    – Coarse in nature.
    – Contains Kankar (lime nodules), Pebbles
    and Gravels.
    – Represents riverine alluvium of Himalayan
    rivers.
    ALLUVIAL SOIL
    • Characteristics: Transported soils.
    – Coarser in upper section and finest in delta.
    – Light to dark in colour.
    – Rich in Potash & Humus.
    – Poor in Phosphorous and Nitrogen.
    – Highly fertile, good for all crops (kharif & rabi).
    – Crops: Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton, Jute.
    – Areas: Punjab, Haryana, U.P, Bihar, W.B, Assam, Parts
    of Orissa, delta regions of S.India
    BLACK SOIL
    – Also known as Regur or Black Cotton soil.
    – Dark grey to Black in colour.
    – High clay content.
    – Highly moist retentive.
    – Develops cracks in summer.
    – Covers 5.4 lakh sqkm.
    – Highly suitable for cotton.
    – Rich in iron, lime, calcium, Magnesium, carbonates,
    and alumina.
    BLACK SOIL
    – Poor in Phosphorous, Nitrogen and
    Organic matter.
    – Areas: Deccan Trap which includes:
    Maharastra, Wn M.P, Parts of A.P, Nn
    Karnataka, Parts of T.N and Rajasthan.
    – Crops: Cotton, Sugarcane, Groundnut,
    Millets, Rice, Wheat, Oilseeds.
    RED SOIL
    • Formed due to weathering of old crystalline
    rocks.
    – More sandy and less clayey.
    – Rich in iron, small amount of Humus.
    – Poor in phosphorus, nitrogen and lime.
    – Slightly acidic and do not retain moisture.
    – 3.5 lakhs sq.km area.
    – Porous and Friable.
    RED SOIL
    • Area :
    – Tamil Nadu, Southern Karnataka, parts of
    Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal,
    Eastern Rajasthan, North eastern States.
    • Crops :
    – Ragi, Groundnut, millet, Tobacco, Potato,
    Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane.
    LATERITE SOIL
    • Latin word meaning brick.
    – Formed under high temperature and rainfall with
    wet and dry spell.
    – Silica is leached due to high rainfall.
    – Remnants of iron and aluminum oxides left behind
    is know as Laterite.
    – Brown to Yellowish colour.
    – Becomes hard when exposed to atmosphere.
    – Used as building material.
    LATERITE SOIL
    – Rich in Iron.
    – Poor in Lime, Potash, & Magnesium.
    – Occupies 2.4 Lakh sqkm.
    • Areas: Parts of Assam, Karnataka, T.N,
    A.P, M.P, Kerala.
    • Crops: Tea, Coffee, Cashew, Rubber and
    Coconut.
    DESERT SOIL
    – Contains soluble salts.
    – Originated by Mechanical disintegration & wind
    deposit.
    – Porous and coarse.
    – 90% sand & 5% clay.
    – Rich in Nitrates & Phosphates.
    – Poor in Nitrogen & Humus.
    – Friable, sandy & low moist content.
    – 1.4 Lakh sqkm.
    DESERT SOIL

    • Areas: Arid and Semi arid regions of


    Rajasthan, Sn Haryana, Punjab, Nn
    Gujarat.
    • Crops: Drought resistant crops like
    millets and barley.
    MOUNTAIN SOIL
    – Found in hill slopes.
    – Formed by deposition of organic matter from
    forest.
    – Rich in humus.
    – Poor in Potash and Lime.
    • Areas: Assam, Kashmir, Sikkim & Arunachal
    Pradesh.
    • Crops: Tea, Coffee, Spices & Tropical Fruits.
    SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL

    – Contains salts like Sodium, Magnesium,


    Calcium.
    – Infertile, unfit for cultivation.
    – Sandy to loamy in texture.
    • Areas:
    – Parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,
    Haryana, U.P & Maharashtra.
    PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL

    – Occur in Humid region.


    – Formed by accumulation of organic matter.
    – Black in colour.
    – Highly acidic and heavy.
    • Areas:
    – Kottayam & Alleppey in Kerala, Coastal
    Orissa, Sundarbans of W.B
    SOIL EROSION
    – Removal of top soil by different agents.
    • CAUSES:
    – Deforestation
    – Overgrazing.
    – Faulty method of Agriculture.
    – Erosion by rivers.
    – Removal of top soil (for bricks, pots, tiles etc)
    – Shifting cultivation.
    SOIL EROSION
    • EFFECTS:
    – Loss of cultivable land.

    – Reduction in soil fertility.

    – Causes silting & may change river course.

    – Results in lots of run off.

    – Reduces percolation of ground water.


    SOIL CONSERVATION
    – Protection of soil from Erosion and Deterioration.
    • Measures For Soil Conservation:
    – Contour farming.
    – Mulching ( spreading of grass, leaves on ground).
    – Afforestation and Reforestation.
    – Controlled grazing.
    – Construction of dams and barrages
    – Crop rotation.
    – Sub soiling.
    – Terrace farming.

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