PEEE - Unit 3 Resistance and Ohm's Law (Part A)

Unit 3
Resistance & Ohm’s Law

Part A: Resistance
What will we learn?
 The term “resistance”
 Purpose of having a resistance in an electric
circuit
 What factors influence resistance value
Resistance and Ohm's Law

What is “resistance”?
 Scenario 1: You are walking along a walkway at a shopping
mall at 10am on a Monday morning. Walkway is not
crowded and you can navigate through it with ease.
 Hardly any body friction or

collision with anyone
 You don’t have to force yourself
through the crowd

 Scenario 2: Similarly, you are travelling on an expressway
during off-peak hour. Passage is not crowded and you can
navigate through the traffic with ease.
 There is hardly any traffic

congestion
 The journey is smooth

 Scenario 3: You are waiting for a city-bound MRT train at a
particular station at 8am on a Monday morning. The platform is
crowded and you can hardly move forward through the crowd.
 You need a great driving

force to push yourself
through the crowd
 Of course, you may get hurt
and even wounded

 Imagine that in a material, you have the atoms stationed at
all possible points
 All bound electrons are vibrating around their atoms

 Imagine that you are one of the valence electrons and is now freed to
move in a specific direction
 In doing so, you will encounter a certain resistance to your movement
which depends on the physical properties of the pathway

Resistance is the hindrance to oppose flow of charges
It is a measure of how much an object opposes the
passage of electrons
Resistance is an electrical quantity and it is
represented by the symbol R
Its unit is ohm and it is represented by the symbol Ω

What is the purpose of a resistance?
 Having a resistance in an electric circuit can be useful
 Some examples are:
 Resistance can generate heat (on purpose,
of course) so that you can use it:
 to make toast
 to iron your clothing
 to dry your hair
 to provide you with hot water for
drinking or for hot shower
What is the purpose of a resistance?
 Other examples are:
 Varying resistance can dim or brighten your room
 You can use it to limit current flow in a circuit
 You can have resistance arrangements to produce
current division, voltage division or regulation
 All in all, resistance is made use of to our
advantage in our everyday life

What physical factors determine resistance?
 The length “l” of the current path in a given material
 The cross-sectional area “A” the current passing through
 The material itself
 The longer the path, the greater the
resistance encountered
 The wider the path, the smaller the
resistance encountered
 The property of the material itself,
called resistivity

What physical factors determine resistance?
 Combining the relationships between the resistance,
resistivity , length l and area A:
𝞺 𝒍
𝑹=
𝑨
 l = path length, measured in m
 A = cross-sectional area, measured in m2
  = resistivity, measured in Ωm

What is “resistivity”?
 For a given length l and area A, different materials
show different resistances to current flow
 The proportionality constant of is called resistivity
 Resistivity is represented by the symbol  and it has the
unit Ωm

What is “resistivity”?
 The table shows the resistivity Material Resistivity  (Ωm) at
values of different materials 20oC
Silver 1.59 × 10-8
 Materials in the top 5 rows make them
Copper 1.68 × 10-8
good candidates for good conductors
Aluminium 2.65 × 10-8
 Materials in the bottom 3 are suitable
for insulators Tungsten 5.6 × 10-8
 Resistivity values are temperature Iron 9.71 × 10-8
dependent
Hard Rubber 1.59 × 1013
PVC 5.4 × 1015

PTFE or Teflon 10 × 1022
 Example 1: A 2-m long copper wire has a uniform cross-
sectional area of 4mm2. Given that resistivity of copper is 1.68
×10-8 Ωm, determine its resistance.
 Substituting with the values in the formula:

Ω
Ω
Ω = 8.4 mΩ

Example 2: An aluminium sheet of a uniform cross-sectional area of 8mm2 is
used to form a common junction of two points in an electric circuit. The
resistivity of aluminium is 2.65 ×10-8 Ωm. If the resistance of the sheet must
not exceed 2 mΩ, determine the maximum length of the aluminium sheet.
Substituting with the values in the formula:
m
m
m = 603 mm
Types of Resistor
 The principal job of a resistor is to resist or to regulate the
flow of electrons (current) through it by using a conductive
material of which it is composed
 Four broad types of resistor are
Composition resistors
Film resistors
Wirewound resistors
Semiconductor resistors

Composition Resistor
Most common are the Carbon composite resistors:
Made of carbon dust or graphite paste
Cheap and for general purpose
Ideal for high frequency applications
Large tolerances

Film Resistor
Metal film, carbon film, metal oxide film resistors
Made from conductive metal oxide paste
Resistance value is controlled by varying the thickness of the
deposited film
Low tolerance  ±1%

Wirewound Resistor
Thin metal alloy (such as nichrome) wire wound onto a ceramic
former in a spiral helix:
Low ohmic values (0.01Ω to 100 kΩ)
High precision value, higher current

Semiconductor Resistor
Semiconductor resistor is a resistor body
formed in a semiconductor substrate
It is also called chip resistor
Semiconductor resistors are mounted or placed
directly onto the surface of printed circuit
boards (PCBs)

Standard Resistor Symbol
A resistor is a two-terminal device
 The symbol used in schematic and electrical drawings for a
resistor can either be a “zig-zag” type line (IEEE symbol) or a
rectangular box (IEC symbol)
 We will follow the IEEE symbol

Resistor – Fixed or Variable
 Resistors can be of fixed value or variable
 We have just gone through the fixed resistor types

Resistor – Variable
A variable resistor is obtained from a potentiometer,
which has a third terminal W with rotating dial (or wiper)
so that a variable resistance can be achieved between this
terminal and any of the other terminals (A or B)
Resistance between terminals A-B is fixed at RAB
Resistance between A-W = RAW
Resistance between B-W = RBW
A A
W W
B B
Resistor – Variable
B W
 The symbol of a variable resistor is:
One terminal can be either A or B, say B
The other terminal is W
Resistance between B-W = RBW
 By rotating the wiper terminal W, the resistance
RBW can be varied
 Another variable resistor can be obtained
using a trimmer potentiometer (or trim-pot)

We have learnt that
 An electrical resistance is hindrance to flow of electrons
 Resistance can provide useful functions to meet the needs
of our everyday life
 Physical dimensions and the material property of an object
can affect its resistance value
 This material characteristic is called resistivity
 Certain materials are natural conductors and many others
are good for electrical insulation
We have learnt that
 Resistor can be of fixed value or variable
A variable resistor has a third connecting lead (or wiper
terminal) for resistance variation between this terminal and
any of the other terminals

Coming Up Next
Resistor Colour Code

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Unit 3

Resistance & Ohm’s Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

 Hardly any body friction or

Resistance and Ohm's Law

 There is hardly any traffic

Resistance and Ohm's Law

 You need a great driving

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

PVC 5.4 × 1015

 Substituting with the values in the formula:

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Substituting with the values in the formula:

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

Resistance and Ohm's Law

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