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    G-8 Skeletal System

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    Marjun Salinas
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and cartilages that make up the body's framework. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. They are composed of compact or spongy bone tissue and are formed through intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Joints allow movement and are classified by structure and degree of motion. Common bone disorders include osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoarthritis,

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    G-8 Skeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Marjun Salinas
    34 views30 pages
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and cartilages that make up the body's framework. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. They are composed of compact or spongy bone tissue and are formed through intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Joints allow movement and are classified by structure and degree of motion. Common bone disorders include osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoarthritis,

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    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and cartilages that make up the body's framework. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. They are composed of compact or spongy bone tissue and are formed through intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Joints allow movement and are classified by structure and degree of motion. Common bone disorders include osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoarthritis,

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    34 views30 pages

    G-8 Skeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Marjun Salinas
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and cartilages that make up the body's framework. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. They are composed of compact or spongy bone tissue and are formed through intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Joints allow movement and are classified by structure and degree of motion. Common bone disorders include osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoarthritis,

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    SKELETAL

    SYSTEM
    General Biology 2
    What is the Skeletal System?

    The skeletal system is made up of the body's bones,


    joints and cartilages.
    The skeletal system is the body's central framework.
    The Skeleton are divided into two portions: the axial
    & the appendicular.
    Axial Skeleton
    It includes the skull, vertebral column,
    and the thoracic cage.

    Skull
    -consists of 22 bones of the :
    8 Cranial bones
    14 Facial bones
    Cranial bones:
    -Parietal
    -Temporal
    -Occipital
    -Frontal
    -Sphenoid
    -Ethmoid
    Facial bones:
    -Mandible -Palatine
    -Maxilla -Zygomatic
    -Nasal -Vomer
    -Inferior nasal
    concha
    -Lacrimal
    Auditory ossicles

    -small bones in the inner


    ear canal:
    •malleus (hammer)
    •incus (anvil)
    •stapes (stirrup)
    Hyoid Bone
    - U-shaped bone at the base of the jaw but is not a part of
    the skull.
    - No direct bony attachment to any bones.
    -Provide attachment for some tongue and neck muscles.
    Vertebral column
    -The central axis of the skeleton
    -Consists of 5 regions:
    7 Cervical
    12 Thoracic
    5 Lumbar
    1 Sacrum
    1 Coccyx
    Thoracic Cage
    -Made up of sternum and ribs.
    - the ribs help protect the lungs and the heart.
    - the ribs are divided into three parts:

    •True Ribs
    •False Ribs
    •Floating Ribs
    Thoracic Cage

    Sternum:
    - also known as breastbone
    -divided into three parts:
    •Manubrium
    •Body
    •Xiphoid process
    APPENDICULAR SKELETON
    - includes the pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle,
    & lower limb

    Pectoral girdle
    -consists of four bones, two scapulas & two clavicles
    Upper limb:
    -consists of 30 bones
    each side:
    •Humerus
    •Ulna
    •Radius
    •Carpal
    •Metacarpal
    •Phalanges
    The carpals are made up of :
    ⚬Scaphoid
    ⚬Lunate
    ⚬Triquetrum
    ⚬Pisiform
    ⚬Trapezium
    ⚬Trapezoid
    ⚬Capitate
    ⚬Hamate
    Pelvic Girdle

    - made up of two hipbones.


    - each hipbone have three parts: Ilium, Ischium &
    Pubis.
    Lower limb

    - includes the femur, tibia, fibula,


    patella, tarsals, metatarsals &
    phalanges
    The Tarsals are made up of:

    ⚬Calcaneus
    ⚬Talus
    ⚬Navicular
    ⚬Cuboid
    ⚬Cuneiforms
    Four Categories of Bone based on their shape:

    ⚬Long bone - longer than being wide, ex. femur &


    humerus.
    ⚬Short bone - wide and long, ex. carpals & tarsals.
    ⚬Flat bone - thin, flattened shape, ex. sternum & scapula.
    ⚬Irregular bone - can protect while bending, ex. Vertebrae
    & facial bones.
    The Structure of a Long bone
    5 types of bone tissue

    Osteoblast
    - cells that form bone tissue. Responsible for bone matrix
    formation and growth.
    Osteoclast
    - responsible for bone reabsorption.
    Osteocyte
    -transmit signals to nearby osteocytes regarding bone stress.
    Forming main bone tissues.
    5 types of Bone tissue

    Bone-lining cells
    - also known as inactive osteoblasts, and have potential
    to become active

    Osteogenic cells/ Osteoprogenitor cells


    - stem cells located in the bone that differentiate various
    types of cells.
    Major types of bone:
    1. Compact bone - mostly solid matrix and cells;
    consists of osteons.
    1.1 Osteon- structural unit of compact bone which
    includes:
    Lamella- rings of bone matrix
    Lacunae- spaces between lamellae

    2. Spongy bone - consists of trabeculae without


    osteons
    2.1 Trabeculae - interconnecting rods in which spaces contain
    marrow.
    Types of bone formation:
    1. Intramembranous ossification -occurs within
    the connective tissue membranes; primarily in the
    skull.
    2. Endochondral ossification - occurs inside
    hyaline cartilage; primarily all bones except the
    skull.
    Intramembranous
    ossification
    Endochondral ossification
    Joints
    a point where two bones make contact
    Joint classification according to degree of motion:

    • Synarthrosis- non-movable joint, ex. skull.


    • Amphiarthrosis- slightly movable joint, ex. between
    vertebrae.
    • Diarthrosis- freely movable joint, ex. knee, elbow &
    wrist.
    Joint Clasification according to structure:

    • Fibrous joints- bones united by fibrous connective tissues


    and allow little or no movement.
    a. Suture - joints between the skull.
    b. Syndesmosis -adjacent bones are linked by a strong
    membrane or ligaments.
    c. Gomphosis - pegs fitted into sockets and held by ligaments.
    Joint Clasification according to structure:
    • Cartilaginous joints- bones united by cartilage and
    exhibit slight movements.
    a. Synchondrosis - a cartilaginous joint where bones are
    joined together by hyaline cartilage
    b. Symphysis - contains fibrocartilage
    • Synovial joints- highly movable joints.

    a. Plane e. Condyloid
    b. Hinge f. ball and socket
    c. Saddle
    d. Pivot
    Disorders and Diseases

    • Osteoporosis- decrease bone strength and increase the


    risk of fracturing.
    • Osteogenesis Imperfecta- disorder that causes the bones
    to fracture easily.
    • Osteoarthritis- is the most common form of arthritis.
    • Osteomyelitis- inflammation of the fatty tissues within
    the bone.
    Thank You!!!
    Ellie Kim Acuyong
    Sheila Therese Ibacitas
    Paul Francis Paulo
    Jemarc Modesto
    Antonith Rosal

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