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OVERVIEW
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

4.1 Apply the concept of work
4.2 Explain the renewable energy
4.3 Apply the concept of energy
4.4 Apply the concept of power
4.5 Carry out an activity related to work, energy and power in the activity
4.1 WHAT IS WORK ?
 Definition - The product of force and the distance moved in the
direction of the force.
 SI Unit – Joule (J) or Newton Meter (Nm)
 Work is a SCALAR QUANTITY

(direction doesn’t count)
i) When the direction of force, F and the distance, s
are the same.
Work Done, W = Fs
ii) Work is NOT DONE when there is no motion
or the force, F is perpendicular to the
distance, s (θ = 90°) .
Work Done, W = 0
iii) If the force, F at an angle, θ to the distance, s.
Work Done, W = Fs cos θ
The object does not move in the direction of , F. Instead, the

horizontal component of the force, F cos θ, moves the object on
the surface of the floor.
Is Work Done on the Following Activity?
EXAMPLE 4.1
a) Adreanna pushed a box of toys on the floor with a force
of 25 N for a distance of 7m. Calculate the work done by
adreanna.
Answer
b) Nasri pulled a box with a force of 30N at an angle of 50º

to the floor. Calculate the work done by Nasri if he pulled
the box for a distance of 10m.
Answer
EXERCISE 4.1
a) Hanief lifted a 5kg object vertically upwards to a height of 150cm. What is the
work done by Hanief? (use g=9.81N kg-1)
ANS: 73.575 Nm
b) A man applied a force of 100N to a wooden block at an angle of 30º to the
horizontal surface. If the block moves through a horizontal distance of 2.5m, find
the work done by the man.
ANS: 216.51 Nm
WHAT IS ENERGY ?
 Definition - the capacity to do work.
 SI Unit – Joule (J)
 Energy is a SCALAR QUANTITY.

 Energy can be stored and converted to one another.
 Work is done when energy is converted.
4.2 RENEWABLE AND
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable Energy Non Renewable
Energy
Definition energy from Energy from
resources that are resources that will
naturally replenished run out as they take
on a human long time to replenish
timescale. in our lifetimes
Resources Solar, wind, Coal, nuclear, oil,
water/hydro, natural gas
biomass, geothermal
4.2 RENEWABLE AND
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable Energy Non Renewable Energy
Advantages • Can never run out as it • Power plants that use
continuously filled by them are able to produce
nature more power on demand
• Easily available to humans • Easy to use and quite
and are reliable easy to store
• Environmentally friendly • Conveniently moved
across the world
Disadvantage • Not available round the • Consumes a lot of time
s clock and depend strongly and it takes a lot of effort
on the weather condition • Limited supplies, because
• Low efficiency when they take a long time to
converted to electricity replenish
• Causes pollution
 Several forms of energy: heat energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy, nuclear
energy, electrical energy, etc.
Potential Energy
 Potential energy : the stored energy of
position possessed by an object.
 Potential energy exists whenever an object

which has mass has a position within a
force field.
Ep = mgh
where: Ep = Potential Energy
m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration, 9.81ms-
2
h = height above earth’s surface
Unit : Joule, J
Potential Energy
Depends on 2 variables:
i) mass of object
 more massive objects will have greater gravitational
potential energy.
ii) height of object

 the higher that an object is elevated, the greater
the
gravitational potential energy.
Example 4.3.1
a) A 5.5kg cat jumps from the floor onto a table at a height of 100cm.
Determine the potential energy gained by the cat.
Answer
Given:
m=5.5 kg
h=
g=9.81ms-2
Potential energy of the cat,

Kinetic Energy
 KineticEnergy: energy
possesses by an object
due to its motion.
 Anymoving object
where:
has kinetic energy. Ek = Kinetic Energy
m = mass of the body
v = velocity
 Depends on 2
variables: Unit : Joule, J
• Mass of object
• Velocity of the object
Example 4.3.2
a) A 150 g bullet moves with a velocity of 200ms-1. Find the kinetic
energy of the bullet.
Answer
Given:
m=
v=200ms-1
Kinetic energy of the sprinter,

EXERCISE 4.3
a) In a football match, a footballer kicks a 200g ball and the ball moves with a
velocity of 50kmh-1. Determine the kinetic energy of the ball.
ANS: 19.29 J
b) A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 15ms-1 and possessed

kinetic energy of 200 J. Find the mass of the stone.
ANS: 1.78 kg
EXERCISE 4.3
c) A weightlifter lifts a load of 180 kg from the floor to a height of 2.5m above the
floor. Calculate the potential energy gained by the load.
ANS: 4414.50 J
d) A 6kg monkey climbs a coconut tree to pluck coconuts and gained 150 J of
potential energy. Determine the height of the monkey from the ground.
ANS: 2.55 m
4.3.3 Principle of Conversion of Energy
 Law of conversion of energy state that:
 energy cannot be created or destroyed
energy can be transformed from one form to another
total energy during the transformation is constant
Total energy, ΔE = constant
Total initial energy = Total final energy

Principle of Conversion of Energy
ENERGY TRANSFORM FROM
POTENTIAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY
 Objectof any mass falling vertically

downwards from static, its loss in
potential energy is equal to the amount
of kinetic energy gained, assuming no
energy is lost during the process.
Total potential energy = Total Kinetic energy
mgh = 1/2 mv2

 If object is rebound to any height after hitting the ground and left
it, its maximum kinetic energy while moving upwards will be
equal to its potential energy at its maximum height.
1/2 mv2= mgh

 For an object that slides down a friction free slope, its
potential energy is equal to its kinetic energy at the bottom.
mgh= 1/2 mv2

Example 4.3.3
a) A boy throws a 0.1 kg stone vertically upwards at an initial velocity of 20 .
what is the maximum height reached by the stone? (ans: 20.39m)
Answer
Given:
m=0.1 kg
v= 20ms-1
Height reached by the stone,

Example 4.3.3
b) A durian falls from a height of 12.5 m to the ground. Calculate the velocity of
the durian right before it hits the ground (use g=9.81) (ans: 15.66 )
Answer
Given:
h=12.5 m
g= 9.81ms-2
velocity of the durian,

EXERCISE 4.3.3
a) A box weighing 30 kg was lifted to a height of 2.5 m from the ground and was
allowed to fall under gravity. Calculate the potential energy and the kinetic
energy of the box:
i) Before it is allowed to fall
ii) 1 m under free fall
i) Ep=735.75J Ek=0ms-1
iii) Right after it touched the ground.
ii) Ep=441.45J Ek=294.30J
iii) Ep=0J Ek=735.75J
b) A 57 kg box drops down from a height of 3.0 m. calculate the maximum
velocity achieved by the box right before it reached the ground.
ANS: 7.67ms-1
4.4 WHAT IS POWER
 Power : the rate at which work is done.
 SI unit : watt (W)

 Power can be expressed in another form as follows:
Example 4.4
a) A bus was pulled by a tractor from the administration’s car park to the maintenance
office which is at a displacement of 300 m away from the car park. The amount of force
needed to pull the bus was 400 N. It took 8 minutes for the tractor to reach the
maintenance office. Calculate the power produced by the tractor.
Answer
Given:
s=300m
F=4000N
t=
Power of the tractor,
Example 4.4
b) Naufal weighing 62 kg, runs up a flight of stairs of 40 steps. Each of the steps is
0.15 m high. Calculate the power generated by Naufal if he takes 15 s to reach the
top of the stairs.
Answer
Given: Power generated by Naufal,

m=62kg
h=40 x 0.15m = 6m
t=
Exercise 4.4
a) A crane is used to lift an object of 200 kg to a height of 55 m in 60 s. calculate
the power of the crane generated.
ANS: 1798.50W
b) A 70 kg man climbs up a tree 7.2m tall in 35 s. calculate the power generated
by the man.
ANS: 141.26W
4.5 WHAT IS EFFICIENCY
 Efficiency : the ratio of the useful output energy to the
total energy put into the machine
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
Example 4.5
a) A crane’s diesel motor which delivers a power of 4000 w can lift a mass of 450 kg to a
height of 1000 cm in 15 s. calculate the efficiency of the diesel motor.
Answer
Given:
Pinput = 4000 W
m = 450 kg
h = 1000 cm 10 m
t = 15 s
Exercise 4.5
a) A load of 370 kg is lifted by a crane to a height of 70 m in 18 s. if the input
power is 16 000 w, determine the efficiency of the motor used in the crane.
ANS: 88.22%
b) An electric motor with an efficiency of 75 % can lift a steel bar with a mass of
600 kg to a height of 12 m in 10 s. calculate the input power of the motor.
ANS: 9417.6 W
c) An electric motor has an output energy of 23 000 j per minute. Determine the
input power of the motor if the efficiency of the motor is 80%
for your time and attention

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OVERVIEW

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

 SI Unit – Joule (J) or Newton Meter (Nm)

 Work is a SCALAR QUANTITY

Work Done, W = Fs cos θ

The object does not move in the direction of , F. Instead, the

b) Nasri pulled a box with a force of 30N at an angle of 50º

 Energy is a SCALAR QUANTITY.

 Potential energy exists whenever an object

h = height above earth’s surface

ii) height of object

Potential energy of the cat,

Kinetic energy of the sprinter,

b) A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 15ms-1 and possessed

Total energy, ΔE = constant

Total initial energy = Total final energy

 Objectof any mass falling vertically

Total potential energy = Total Kinetic energy

mgh = 1/2 mv2

1/2 mv2= mgh

mgh= 1/2 mv2

Height reached by the stone,

velocity of the durian,

 SI unit : watt (W)

Given: Power generated by Naufal,

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