Lesson 2 - KE and GPE

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KE and GPE

Starter: these weights have 5000 J of potential energy.


If it requires 25,000 J of chemical energy to lift them to
this height, what is the efficiency of his muscles?

Where does the


wasted energy go?
Learning outcomes
• Recall and use the expressions kinetic energy = ½mv2
and change in gravitational potential energy = mgΔh
• Apply the principle of conservation of energy to
examples involving multiple stages
• Explain that in any event or process the energy tends
to become more spread out among the objects and
surroundings (dissipated)
Summary questions
• Name the different forms of energy.
• What are the units of energy?
• What forms of energy does the sun emit?
• Describe the energy conversions in a fire.
• What form of energy is stored in a battery?
• Describe the energy conversions when someone
does a bungee jump.
• How do you calculate efficiency?
Gravitational potential energy
Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object
has due to its position/height in a gravitational field.
Gravitational potential energy depends on three things:
1. an object's mass

2. an object's height off the ground

3. gravitational field strength


Change in gravitational Potential Energy is shortened to Δ GPE.

ΔGPE = m g Δh
m is mass in kilograms.
g is the gravitational field strength measured in N/kg.
Δh is the change in height measured in metres.
On Earth g = 10 N/kg.

1. What is GPE?
2. What does it depend on?
3. What are the units of GPE?
4. Calculate Δ GPE for a 2 kg mass dropped 100 m.
5. Calculate Δ GPE for a 5 kg mass dropped 2 m.
6. Calculate Δ GPE of a 1000 kg mass raised 5 m.
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its
movement. It depends on two things:

– The mass of the object (m) [kg]


– The speed (v) [ m/s ]
Kinetic energy
•KE = m x v2
Kinetic energy = half x mass x velocity-squared
1. A car of mass 900 kg is travelling at a velocity
(speed) of 10 m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy.
 
KE = m v2 = 0.5 x 900 x 102 = 45,000 J
2. A football of mass 650 g has a velocity of 6 m/s.
What is the kinetic energy of the football?
m = 650 g = 0.65 kg
v= 6 m/s
KE = ½ 0.65 x 62 = 11.7 J
KE and GPE
What energy transfers happen when a rock falls off the
side of a cliff?
KE and GPE
• As an object falls all its potential energy will be
transferred into kinetic energy.
• If a falling object has a kinetic energy of 50 J just
before it hits the ground, what was its potential
energy before it began to fall?
• 50 J
• The opposite is true as well. An object thrown
upwards with 50 J of kinetic energy will stop moving
up when it has 50 J of potential energy.
KE and GPE
KE and GPE
Drop a marble from 10cm into sand. The marble will
make a circular impact crater. Carefully measure the
diameter of the impact crater with a ruler. Repeat this
with a range of different heights to find out how the
diameter of the crater depends on height.
Height (cm) Diameter of crater (mm)

Conclusion
1. What did you find out?
2. Explain the relationship between the height and the
diameter of the crater in terms of energy transfers.
3. What would you expect to find if we changed the
marble mass instead of height?
Extension: Evaluate this experiment. What are the sources
of error? What improvements could be made?
Homework
Textbook questions 1-3 on page 53.

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