Gases: Lecture Presentation

Lecture Presentation
Chapter 8
Gases
Karen C. Timberlake
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Topics covered in this Chapter
• 8.1 Properties of Gases
• 8.2 Pressure and Volume, (Boyle’s Law)
• 8.3 Temperature and Volume
• 8.4 Temperature and Pressure
(Gay-Lussac’s Law)
• 8.5 The Combined Gas Law
• 8.6 Volume and Moles, Avogadro’s Law
• 8.7 Ideal Gas Law
• 8.8 Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law)
Karen C. Timberlake
Chapter 8 Gases
Respiratory therapists assess

and treat a range of patients.
They perform a variety of
diagnostic tests, including
measuring
• breathing capacity.
• concentrations of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in a
patient’s blood, as well as
blood pH.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chapter 8 Readiness
Key Math Skills

• Solving Equations (1.4D)
Core Chemistry Skills

• Using Significant Figures in Calculations (2.3)
• Writing Conversion Factors from Conversion
Equalities (2.5)
• Using Conversion Factors (2.6)
• Using Molar Mass as a Conversion Factor (7.5)
• Using Mole–Mole Factors (7.6)
Karen C. Timberlake
8.1 Properties of Gases
Generally molecules with fewer than five atoms from the first
two periods in the periodic table are gases at room
temperature. In addition, the following are also gases:
• H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2

• oxides of the nonmetals on the
upper-right corner of the
periodic table: CO,
CO2, NO, NO2, SO2,
and SO3
• noble gases
Learning Goal Describe the kinetic molecular theory of
gases and the units of measurement used for gases.
Karen C. Timberlake
Kinetic Molecular Theory
A gas consists of small particles that

1. move randomly with high
velocities.
2. have very small attractive (or
repulsive) forces between
molecules.
3. occupy a much larger volume than
the volume of the molecules alone.
Gas particles which
4. are in constant motion, moving
move in straight lines
rapidly in straight lines. within a container, exert
5. have a Kelvin temperature pressure when they
proportionate to the average kinetic collide with the walls of
energy of the molecules. the container.
Karen C. Timberlake
Properties That Describe a Gas
Gases are described in terms of four properties: pressure (P),

volume (V), temperature (T), and amount (n).
Karen C. Timberlake
Volume
The volume of a gas

• is the same as the volume
of the container it occupies.
• is usually measured in liters
or milliliters.
• increases with an increase
in temperature at a
constant pressure. Gas particles which
move in straight lines
within a container, exert
pressure when they
collide with the walls of
the container.
Karen C. Timberlake
Temperature
The temperature of a gas relates to the average

kinetic energy of the molecules and is measured in
the Kelvin (K) temperature scale.
When the temperature of a gas is

• decreased, the molecules have fewer collisions.
• increased, the molecules have more collisions.
Karen C. Timberlake
Pressure
Pressure is a measure of the gas

particle collisions with sides of a
container and is measured in units of
• millimeters of mercury, mmHg
or torr.
• atmospheres, atm.
• pascals, Pa, or kilopascals, kPa.
• pounds per square inch, psi.
Gas particles in the air exert

pressure on us called
atmospheric pressure.
Karen C. Timberlake
Barometers Measure Pressure
A barometer
• measures the pressure exerted
by the gases in the atmosphere.
• indicates atmospheric pressure
as the height in mm of the
mercury column.
760 mmHg = 1 atm = 760 Torr
The barometer was invented by

Evangelista Torricelli, at exactly 1 atm
the barometer tube measures exactly
760 mm high.
Karen C. Timberlake
Units of Pressure
Karen C. Timberlake
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
• is the pressure exerted by a
column of air from the top of
the atmosphere to the
surface of Earth.
• decreases as altitude
increases.
• about 1 atm at sea level.
Karen C. Timberlake
Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure changes with variations in weather

and altitude.
• On a hot, sunny day, the mercury column rises,
indicating a higher atmospheric pressure.
• On a rainy day, the atmosphere exerts less pressure,
which causes the mercury column to fall.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
1. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atm?

A. 475 atm
B. 0.625 atm
C. 3.61  105 atm
2. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this

pressure in mmHg?
D. 2.00 mmHg
E. 1520 mmHg
F. 22 300 mmHg
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
1. The downward pressure on the Hg in a barometer

is _____ the pressure of the atmosphere.
A. greater than B. less than C. the same
as
2. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than an Hg

barometer (dHg = 13.6 g/mL) because
A. H2O is less dense than mercury.
B. H2O is heavier than mercury.
C. air is more dense than H2O.
Karen C. Timberlake
8.2 Pressure and Volume, (Boyle’s Law)
The inverse relationship between

the pressure and volume of a gas is
known as Boyle’s law.
Changes occur in opposite
directions. When volume increases,
the pressure decreases, provided
the temperature and moles of the
gas remains constant.
The anesthetic N2O gas,
is used for pain relief.
Learning Goal Use the pressure–volume relationship

(Boyle’s law) to determine the final pressure or volume
when the temperature and amount of gas are constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law states that

• the pressure of a gas is
inversely related to its
volume when T is constant.
• the product P  V is
constant when temperature
and amount of a gas is
held constant
• if volume decreases, the
pressure increases.
P1V1 = P2V2
Karen C. Timberlake
Boyle’s Law: PV = Constant
Pressure × volume is a constant, provided the

temperature and amount of the gas remains
the same.
P1V1 = 8.0 atm × 2.0 L = 16 atm L
P2V2 = 4.0 atm × 4.0 L = 16 atm L
P3V3 = 2.0 atm × 8.0 L = 16 atm L
Boyle’s law can be stated as

P1V1 = P2V2 (T is constant.)
Karen C. Timberlake
Chemistry Link to Health:
Boyle’s Law and Breathing
During an inhalation,
• the lungs expand.
• the pressure in the lungs
decreases.
• air flows toward the lower
pressure in the lungs.
Karen C. Timberlake
Boyle’s Law and Breathing
During an exhalation,
• lung volume decreases.
• pressure within the lungs
increases.
• air flows from the higher
pressure in the lungs to
the outside.
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Using Gas Laws
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Boyle’s Law
Freon-12, CCl2F2, was used in refrigeration systems. What is

the new volume of an 8.0 L sample of Freon gas initially at 550
mmHg after its pressure is changed to 2200 mmHg at constant
temperature and moles?
STEP 1 Organize the data in a table of initial and final

conditions.
ANALYZE Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict
THE P1 = 550 mmHg P2 = 2200 mmHg P increases
PROBLEM V1 = 8.0 L V2 = ? V decreases
Temperature and moles remain constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Boyle’s Law
STEP 2 Rearrange the gas law equation to solve for the

unknown quantity.
P1V1 = P2V2 Boyle’s law
To solve for V2 , divide both sides by P2.
STEP 3 Substitute values into the gas law equation and

calculate.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 12.0 L at 600. mmHg.

What is the new pressure when the volume changes to 36.0 L
at a constant T and n?
A. 200. mmHg
B. 400. mmHg
C. 1200 mmHg
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if cylinder A

or cylinder B represents the new volume for the following
changes (n and T are constant).
1. pressure decreases cylinder B
2. pressure increases
Cylinder A
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
If a sample of helium gas has a volume of 120 mL and a

pressure of 850 mmHg, what is the new volume if the pressure
is changed to 425 mmHg at a constant T and n?
A. 60 mL
B. 120 mL
C. 240 mL
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of 6.4 L at a

pressure of 0.70 atm. At 1.40 atm (T and n are constant), is
the new volume represented by A, B, or C?
Karen C. Timberlake
8.3 Temperature and Volume
(Charles’s Law)
If we increase the temperature of a

gas sample, kinetic molecular
theory states that the motion
(kinetic energy) of the gas particles
will also increase.
If the amount and pressure of the
gas is held constant, the volume of
the container will increase.
Learning Goal Use the temperature–volume relationship
(Charles’s law) to determine the final temperature or volume
when the pressure and amount of gas are constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Charles’s Law
In Charles’s law,
• the Kelvin temperature (K)
of a gas is directly related
to its volume.
• pressure and moles of gas

are constant.
• when the temperature of a
sample of gas increases,
its volume increases at
constant pressure.
Karen C. Timberlake
Charles’s Law: V and T
• For two conditions, Charles’s law is written

(P and n are constant)
• Rearranging Charles’s law to solve for V2:

× × ×
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Solve Charles’s law expression for T2.
Rewrite Charles law as: V1T2 = V2T1,

now solve for T2
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Charles’s Law
A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21 °C. If the temperature

drops to 0 °C, what is the new volume of the balloon at
constant pressure and moles?

conditions.
Pressure and moles remain constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Charles’s Law
STEP 2 Rearrange to solve for unknown quantity: V2.
× × ×
STEP 3 Substitute the values into the gas law equation

and calculate.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a

temperature of 18 °C. At what temperature (in °C) will
the volume of the oxygen be 640 mL (P and n are
constant)?
A. 443 °C
B. 170 °C
C. −82 °C
ANALYZE Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict
THE V1 = 420 mL V2 = 640 mL V increases
PROBLEM T1 = 18 C = 291 K T2 = ? T increases
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Use the gas laws to complete each sentence with increases

or decreases.
A. Pressure increases
_______ when V decreases at constant
temperature and moles.
B. When T decreases, Vdecreases
_______ at constant pressure and
moles.
C. Pressure decreases
_______ when V changes from 12 L to 24 L at
constant temperature and moles.
D. Volumeincreases
_______when T changes from 15 °C to 45 °C at
constant pressure and moles.
Karen C. Timberlake
8.4 Temperature and Pressure
(Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Gay-Lussac’s law:
When the Kelvin temperature
of a gas doubles at constant
volume and amount of gas,
the pressure also doubles.
Learning Goal Use the temperature–pressure relationship

(Gay-Lussac’s law) to determine the final temperature or
pressure when the volume and amount of gas are constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Gay-Lussac’s Law
In Gay-Lussac’s law,
• the pressure exerted by a
gas is directly related to
the Kelvin temperature of
the gas.
• volume and amount of gas

are constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2.
Rewrite as P1T2 = P2T1 then solve for P2
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Gay-Lussac’s Law
A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18 °C. What is the new

pressure when the temperature is 62 °C (constant volume
and moles)?

conditions.
Volume and moles remain constant.

Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Gay-Lussac’s Law
STEP 2 Rearrange to solve for unknown quantity P2.

Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2:
× × ×

and calculate.
×
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
A gas has a pressure of 645 Torr at 128 °C.

What is the temperature in Celsius if the
pressure increases to 824 Torr (V and n
remain constant)?
Karen C. Timberlake
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
When liquid molecules with sufficient kinetic energy break away

from the surface of a liquid, they become a vapor.
• In an open container, all the liquid will eventually evaporate.

• In a closed container, the vapor accumulates and creates
pressure called vapor pressure.
A liquid
• exerts its own vapor pressure at a given temperature.
• boils when its vapor pressure becomes equal to the
external pressure.
Karen C. Timberlake
Altitude and Boiling Point
At high altitudes,
• atmospheric pressure is
lower than 1 atm, 760 Torr.
• the boiling point of water is
lower than 100 °C.
In a closed container, such as
a pressure cooker,
• a pressure greater than
1 atm, 760 Torr, can be
obtained.
• water boils at a higher
temperature than 100 °C.
Pressure and the boiling
point of water.
Karen C. Timberlake
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Explain why water boils at a lower

temperature in the mountains than at
sea level.
Atmospheric pressure in the mountains is
less than at sea level. The vapor pressure of
the water reaches the atmospheric pressure
at a lower temperature.
Karen C. Timberlake
8.5 The Combined Gas Law
Under water, the pressure on a

diver is greater than the
atmospheric pressure.
The combined gas law comes from

the pressure–volume–temperature
relationships for gases that we
have studied.
Learning Goal Use the combined gas law to calculate the

final pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas when
changes in two of these properties are given and the
amount of gas is constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
The Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law uses the pressure–volume–

temperature relationships from Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and
Gay-Lussac’s law where n is constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Combined Gas Law
A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35 °C and 646 mmHg

pressure. What is the volume (mL) of the gas at −95 °C and a
pressure of 802 mmHg (n is constant)?
STEP 1 Organize the data into a table of initial and final

conditions.
ANALYZE Conditions 1 Conditions 2
THE P1 = 646 mmHg P2 = 802 mmHg
PROBLEM V1 = 675 mL V2 = ?
T1 = 35 C + 273 T2 = −95 C + 273
= 308 K = 178 K
Moles of gas remain the same.
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Combined Gas Law
STEP 2 Rearrange to solve for unknown quantity V2.
× ×

and calculate.
× ×
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a

pressure of 0.800 atm, and a temperature of 29 °C. At
what temperature (°C) will the helium have a volume
of 90.0 mL and a pressure of 3.20 atm
(n remains constant)?
Rewrite Combined Gas Law as: P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
ANALYZE Conditions 1 Conditions 2
THE P1 = 0.800 atm P2 = 3.20 atm
PROBLEM V1 = 0.180 L (180 mL) V2 = 90.0 mL
T1 = 29 C + 273 T2 = ?
= 302 K
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a pressure of

0.800 atm, and a temperature of 29 °C. At what temperature
(°C) will the helium have a volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure
of 3.20 atm (n remains constant)?
Substitute the values into the gas law equation and

calculate.
× ×
-
Karen C. Timberlake
8.6 Volume and Moles, Avogadro’s Law
The molar volume of a gas

at STP is about the same
as the volume of three
basketballs.
The volume of 1 mole of

gas is 22.4 liters.
Learning Goal Use Avogadro’s law to calculate the

amount or volume of a gas when the pressure and
temperature are constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles
In Avogadro’s law,
• the volume of a gas is
directly related to the
number of moles (n) of gas.
• T and P are constant.
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Avogadro’s Law
If 0.75 mole of helium gas occupies a volume of 1.5 L, what

volume (L) will 1.2 moles of helium occupy at the same
temperature and pressure?
A. 0.94 L
B. 1.8 L Rewrite as V1n2 = V2n1
C. 2.4 L Solve for V2
Karen C. Timberlake
Standard Temperature and Pressure
The volumes of gases can be compared at STP,

Standard Temperature and Pressure, when they have
• the same temperature.
• a standard temperature (T) of 0 °C or 273 K.
• the same pressure.
• a standard pressure (P) of 1 atm (760 mmHg).
Karen C. Timberlake
Molar Volume, STP
At standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1

mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L, which
is called its molar volume.
Use this equality as a conversion factor for gas

at STP:
22.4 L = 1 mole gas
Karen C. Timberlake
Molar Volume
Avogadro’s law indicated that1 mole of

any gas at STP has a volume of 22.4 L.
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Using Molar Volume
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Molar Volume
What is the volume occupied by 2.75 moles of N2 gas at STP?
STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.
Pressure and temperature remain constant.

STEP 2 Write a plan to calculate the needed quantity.
Moles N2 Volume N2
Karen C. Timberlake
Calculations Using Molar Volume
STEP 3 Write conversion factors including 22.4 L/mole

at STP.
At STP, 22.4 L = 1 mole N2.
STEP 4 Set up the problem with factors to cancel units.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
1. What is the volume at STP of 4.00 g of CH4?

A. 5.60 L B. 11.2 L C. 44.8 L
mass CH4  moles CH4 volume CH4
2. How many grams of He are present in 8.00 L of gas at

STP?
A. 25.6 g B. 0.357 g C. 1.43 g
volume He  moles He  mass He
Karen C. Timberlake
8.7 Ideal Gas Law
When camping, butane is

used as a fuel for a portable
gas stove. Given the
pressure, volume, and
temperature of the gas in
the tank, we can use the
ideal gas law equation to
determine the amount of
gas present.
Learning Goal Use the ideal gas law equation to solve for
P, V, T, or n of a gas when given three of the four values in
the ideal gas law equation. Calculate mass or volume of a
gas in a chemical reaction.
Karen C. Timberlake
The Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law is the combination of the four

properties used in the measurement of a gas—
pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and
amount of a gas (n)—to give a single expression,
which is written as
Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT
Core Chemistry Skill Calculating Mass or Volume

of a Gas in a Chemical Reaction
Karen C. Timberlake
R, Ideal Gas Constant
Rearranging the ideal gas law equation shows

that the four gas properties equal a constant, R.
• To calculate the value of R, we substitute the STP

conditions (273 K, 1 atm) for molar volume into the
expression: 1 mole of gas = 22.4 L at STP.
• Real gases show some deviations in behavior; however, the

ideal gas law closely approximates the behavior of real
gases at typical conditions.
Karen C. Timberlake
R, Ideal Gas Constant
The value for the ideal gas constant, R, is 0.0821 L

atm per mole K.
• If we use 760 mmHg for the pressure, we obtain
another useful value for R of 62.4 mmHg per
mole K.
• In working problems using the ideal gas law, the

units of each variable must match the units in
the R you select.
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Using the Ideal Gas Equation
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Dinitrogen oxide, N2O, which is used in dentistry, is

an anesthetic also called laughing gas. What is the
pressure, in atmospheres, of 0.350 mole of N2O at
22 °C in a 5.00-L container?
STEP 1:
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution

STEP 2 Rearrange the ideal gas law equation to
solve for the needed quantity.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution

STEP 3 Substitute the gas data into the equation
and the needed quantity.
× ×
Karen C. Timberlake
R, Unit Summary for Ideal Gas Constant
Karen C. Timberlake
Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions
Gases are involved as reactants and products in many

chemical reactions.
Typically, the information given for a gas in a reaction is its
pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T).
We can use the ideal gas law equation to determine

• the moles of a gas in a reaction if we are given the number
of moles for one of the gases in a reaction.
• the moles of any other substance using a mole–mole factor.
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Using the Ideal Gas Law
for Reactions
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce

ammonia (NH3) gas. How many liters of NH3 can be
produced at 0.93 atm and 24 °C from a 16.0-g
sample of nitrogen gas and an excess of hydrogen
gas? N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
grams Molar mass moles Mole−mole ratio moles liters

of N2  of N2  of NH3  of NH3
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Set up the problem to calculate moles of needed quantity

which is moles of NH3.
Substitute moles of NH3 as the value for n in V = nRT
P
Karen C. Timberlake
Gases in Chemical Reactions
The volume or amount of a gas at STP

in a chemical reaction can be
calculated from
• STP conditions.
• mole−mole factors from the balanced
equation.
Karen C. Timberlake
76
Gases in Equations at STP
What volume (L) of O2 gas is needed to

completely react with 15.0 g of aluminum
at STP?
Karen C. Timberlake
77
Gases in Equations at STP
What volume (L) of O2 gas is needed to
completely react with 15.0 g of aluminum at
STP?
Karen C. Timberlake
8.8 Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law)
Our cells continuously use

oxygen and produce carbon
dioxide.
Both gases move in and out

of the lungs through the
membranes of the alveoli,
the tiny air sacs at the ends
of the airways in the lungs.
Learning Goal Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to

calculate the total pressure of a mixture of gases.
Karen C. Timberlake
Partial Pressure
The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure that each gas

in a mixture would exert if it were by itself in the container.
Core Chemistry Skill Calculating Partial Pressure
Karen C. Timberlake
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Dalton’s law of partial pressures indicates that

• pressure depends on the total number of gas
particles, not on the types of particles.
• the total pressure exerted by gases in a mixture is
the sum of the partial pressures of those gases.
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....
Karen C. Timberlake
Total Pressure
For example, at STP, 1 mole of a pure gas in a volume

of 22.4 L will exert the same pressure as 1 mole of a gas
mixture in 22.4 L.
Gas mixtures
0.4 mole O2 0.5 mole O2

1.0 mole N2 0.6 mole He 0.3 mole He
1.0 mole 0.2 mole Ar
1.0 mole
1.0 atm 1.0 atm 1.0 atm
Karen C. Timberlake
Total Pressure
The air we breathe

• is a mixture of different gases.
• contains mostly N2 and O2, and contains small amounts of
other gases.
What we call the atmospheric pressure is actually the sum of
the partial pressures of the gases in the air
Karen C. Timberlake
Guide to Solving for Partial Pressure
Karen C. Timberlake
Solving for Partial Pressure
A scuba tank contains O2 with a pressure of 0.450 atm and He

at 855 mmHg. What is the total pressure in mmHg in the tank
(volume and temperature are constant)?
STEP 1 Write the equation for the sum of the partial

pressures.
Ptotal = PO2 + PHe
STEP 2 Rearrange the equation to solve for the unknown
pressure. Convert units to match.
Ptotal = PO + PHe
2
×
Karen C. Timberlake
Solving for Partial Pressure
A scuba tank contains O2 with a pressure of 0.450 atm and He

at 855 mmHg. What is the total pressure in mmHg in the tank
(volume and temperature are constant)?
STEP 3 Substitute known pressures and calculate the

unknown partial pressure.
Ptotal = PO2 + PHe
Ptotal × + 855 mmHg

= 342 mmHg
= 1.20 x 103 mmHg
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
For a deep dive, a scuba diver uses a mixture of

helium and oxygen with a pressure of 8.00 atm. If the
oxygen has a partial pressure of 1280 mmHg, what is
the partial pressure of the helium (volume and
temperature are constant)? Ptotal = PO2 + Phe
A. 520 mmHg
B. 2040 mmHg
C. 4800 mmHg
PHe = 6080 mmHg – 1280 mmHg
= 4800 mmHg or 4.80 × 103 mmHg
The answer is C, 4800 mm Hg.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chemistry Link to Health: Blood Gases
• In the lungs, O2 enters the

blood, while CO2 from the
blood is released.
• In the tissues, O2
enters the cells, which
releases CO2 into
the blood.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chemistry Link to Health: Blood Gases
In the body,
• O2 flows into the tissues because the partial
pressure of O2 is higher in blood and lower in
the tissues.
• CO2 flows out of the tissues because the partial
pressure of CO2 is higher in the tissues and
lower in blood.
Karen C. Timberlake
Partial Pressures in Blood
Partial Pressures in Blood and Tissue
Karen C. Timberlake
Gas Exchange During Breathing
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
• If I have a balloon with a volume of 4.5 liters,
and a pressure of 567 mmHg, what will the
pressure be when the volume is 2.5 liters?
• 15 mL of a gas is collected at 25C and 650
mmHg. What is the volume at STP?
• 2.5 L of a gas at 64C and 700 mmHg is now
subjected to a temperature of -33C and a pressure
of 900 mmHg. What is the new volume?
• An unknown gas having a mass of 5.5 g is collected in
4 L glass bulb. It is found to have a pressure of 400
mmHg and a temperature of 27C. How many moles of
gas do you have? What is the molar mass of the gas?
Karen C. Timberlake
Concept Map, Gas Laws
Karen C. Timberlake
End of Chapter 8
Any Questions?
Karen C. Timberlake 94

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Gases: Lecture Presentation

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Lecture Presentation

Respiratory therapists assess

Key Math Skills

Core Chemistry Skills

• H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2

A gas consists of small particles that

Gases are described in terms of four properties: pressure (P),

The volume of a gas

The temperature of a gas relates to the average

When the temperature of a gas is

Pressure is a measure of the gas

Gas particles in the air exert

The barometer was invented by

Atmospheric pressure changes with variations in weather

1. What is 475 mmHg expressed in atm?

2. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this

1. The downward pressure on the Hg in a barometer

2. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than an Hg

The inverse relationship between

Learning Goal Use the pressure–volume relationship

Boyle’s law states that

Pressure × volume is a constant, provided the

Boyle’s law can be stated as

Freon-12, CCl2F2, was used in refrigeration systems. What is

STEP 1 Organize the data in a table of initial and final

Temperature and moles remain constant.

STEP 2 Rearrange the gas law equation to solve for the

STEP 3 Substitute values into the gas law equation and

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 12.0 L at 600. mmHg.

For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if cylinder A

If a sample of helium gas has a volume of 120 mL and a

A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of 6.4 L at a

If we increase the temperature of a

• pressure and moles of gas

• For two conditions, Charles’s law is written

• Rearranging Charles’s law to solve for V2:

Solve Charles’s law expression for T2.

Rewrite Charles law as: V1T2 = V2T1,

A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21 °C. If the temperature

STEP 1 Organize the data in a table of initial and final

Pressure and moles remain constant.

STEP 2 Rearrange to solve for unknown quantity: V2.

STEP 3 Substitute the values into the gas law equation

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a

Use the gas laws to complete each sentence with increases

Learning Goal Use the temperature–pressure relationship

• volume and amount of gas

Solve Gay-Lussac’s law for P2.

Rewrite as P1T2 = P2T1 then solve for P2

A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18 °C. What is the new

STEP 1 Organize the data in a table of initial and final

Volume and moles remain constant.

STEP 2 Rearrange to solve for unknown quantity P2.

STEP 3 Substitute the values into the gas law equation

A gas has a pressure of 645 Torr at 128 °C.

When liquid molecules with sufficient kinetic energy break away

• In an open container, all the liquid will eventually evaporate.

Explain why water boils at a lower

Under water, the pressure on a