Fundamental Principles of

Ship Construction and

Course Name: SHIP CONSTRUCTION

 Computer application in ship construction

Computer applications play a significant role in ship construction, from design and planning to manufacturing and
maintenance. Their primary function is to improve efficiency, reduce errors, and improve safety in the shipbuilding
process.
Here are some ways that computer applications are used in shipbuilding:
 Computer-aided design (CAD): CAD software is used to create detailed ship designs in 3D, allowing designers to
visualize the ship and make changes before construction begins. This helps to reduce errors and improve the
overall efficiency of the design process.
 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM): CAM software is used to create instructions for the shipbuilding process,
including cutting and welding instructions. This helps to ensure precision and accuracy during the manufacturing
process.
 Product lifecycle management (PLM): PLM software is used to manage the entire lifecycle of a ship, from design
to decommissioning. It allows for better collaboration between teams and helps to ensure that all stakeholders
have access to the most up-to-date information.
 Simulation software: Simulation software can be used to test ship designs and make predictions about how they
will perform in different conditions. This helps to identify potential problems and improve the overall safety and
efficiency of the ship.
 Maintenance management software: Maintenance management software can be used to track the condition of a
ship and schedule maintenance tasks. This helps to ensure that the ship remains in good condition and reduces
the risk of breakdowns or accidents.
Computer applications in ship construction

 Shipbuilding enterprise resource planning (ERP): ERP software is used to manage the many complex
processes involved in ship construction, including procurement, logistics, and quality control. This
helps to ensure that all aspects of the project are running smoothly and that resources are being
used efficiently.
 Virtual and augmented reality: Virtual and augmented reality technology can be used to create
immersive simulations of ship designs and construction processes. This allows designers and builders
to get a better understanding of how the ship will look and function in real-world conditions.
 Internet of Things (IoT): IoT technology can be used to monitor and control various systems on a
ship, such as the engines, navigation equipment, and environmental controls. This helps to improve
safety and efficiency and can reduce the risk of equipment failure.
 Artificial intelligence (AI): AI technology can be used to analyze large amounts of data from various
sources, such as weather forecasts and ship performance data. This can help to optimize ship
operations and improve fuel efficiency.
 Digital twin: A digital twin is a virtual replica of a ship, including its systems and equipment. This
technology can be used to monitor the ship's performance in real-time, predict maintenance needs,
and test different scenarios to optimize performance.
Ship Surveys

A ship survey is a comprehensive examination of a ship's structure, machinery,

The survey can be carried out by a classification society or a government agency, and it
is usually required at regular intervals throughout a ship's life cycle.

The purpose of a ship survey is to ensure that the ship is in a safe and seaworthy
condition and that it complies with international and national standards and regulations.

The survey includes a visual inspection of the ship's exterior and interior, as well as a
review of the ship's documentation and records. The surveyor will also conduct tests and
measurements on the ship's systems and equipment to ensure that they are functioning
properly.
Types of Surveys on Ships
There are several types of ship surveys, including:

1. Initial survey: This survey is conducted when a new ship is built or when an existing ship undergoes a major conversion or
modification.
2. Periodical survey: This survey is conducted at regular intervals, such as every 5 years, to ensure that the ship remains in a
safe and seaworthy condition.
3. Intermediate survey: This survey is conducted between the periodical surveys to ensure that the ship is still in compliance
with the regulations.
4. Annual survey: This survey is conducted annually to ensure that the ship's safety equipment and machinery are in good
working order. All steel ships are required to be surveyed at intervals of approximately one year.
5. Special survey: This survey is conducted when there is a significant event, such as a grounding or collision, or when there is
a major change in the ship's operations or ownership.
6. Docking Surveys: Ships are to be examined in dry dock at intervals not exceeding 2½ years. At the drydocking survey
particular attention is paid to the shell plating, stern frame and rudder, external and through hull fittings, and all parts of
the hull.
7. In-water Surveys: The Society may accept in-water surveys in lieu of any one of the two dockings required in a five-year
period. The in-water survey is to provide the information normally obtained for the docking survey. Generally consideration
is only given to an in-water survey where a suitable high resistance paint has been applied to the underwater hull.

The surveyor will issue a report at the end of the survey, which will detail any deficiencies or non-compliances that were
found. The ship owner must then rectify any issues before the ship is allowed to continue its operations. The survey process is
an important aspect of ensuring the safety of ships and their crews, as well as protecting the environment.
Ship Drydocking

Ship drydocking is the process of bringing a ship onto a dry dock or slipway for
maintenance, repairs, and inspections.

A dry dock is a large structure that can be flooded with water and then drained to
create a dry working area, allowing workers to access and repair the parts of the
ship that are normally submerged in water.

The purpose of drydocking is to carry out routine maintenance and repairs, as well as
to inspect the ship's hull and other parts that are not visible when the ship is afloat.
Ship Drydocking
 Ship drydocking is the process of bringing a ship onto a dry dock or slipway for maintenance, repairs, and
inspections.

 Drydocking is an important part of maintaining the safety and reliability of the ship, and it helps to ensure
that the ship can continue to operate safely and efficiently for many years.

 A dry dock is a large structure that can be flooded with water and then drained to create a dry working
area, allowing workers to access and repair the parts of the ship that are normally submerged in water.

 The purpose of drydocking is to carry out routine maintenance and repairs, as well as to inspect the ship's
hull and other parts that are not visible when the ship is afloat.

 Drydocking is usually carried out every 2 to 5 years, depending on the ship's age and operating conditions.

 The process can take several days to several weeks, depending on the extent of the work that needs to be
done. During this time, the ship is out of service and cannot be used for transportation.
Common tasks during drydocking
Some common tasks that are carried out during drydocking include:

1. Cleaning and painting the hull: The ship's hull is cleaned and repainted to prevent corrosion and
fouling.
2. Propeller maintenance: The ship's propellers are inspected and repaired or replaced if necessary.
3. Inspection of sea valves and sea chests: These are important components of the ship's water
intake and discharge systems, and they are inspected to ensure that they are functioning properly.
4. Repair or replacement of sea chest gratings: These are the metal grates that cover the sea
chests, and they are replaced if they are damaged or corroded.
5. Inspection of the rudder and steering gear: The ship's steering system is inspected to ensure that
it is in good working order.
6. Replacement of sacrificial anodes: Sacrificial anodes are metal rods that are installed on the
ship's hull to protect it from corrosion, and they are replaced during drydocking.
7. Overhaul of machinery: The ship's machinery, such as engines and generators, is inspected and
overhauled if necessary.
IMO regulations on ship constructions

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the United Nations agency responsible for regulating maritime
safety, security, and environmental protection. The IMO has developed a number of regulations related to ship
construction, which are designed to ensure that ships are built and maintained to strict safety and
environmental standards. Some of the key IMO regulations related to ship construction include:
 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS):
 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW):
 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL):
 International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC
Code): This code sets out minimum standards for the construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous
chemicals in bulk.
 International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code):
 International Convention on Load Lines (LL Convention):
 International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (TM Convention):
 International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC):
 Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (CSS Code):
IMO regulations on ship constructions

  International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC Convention):
 International Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE Convention):
 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and
Sediments (BWM Convention):
 International Convention for the Control of Ships' Pollution from Noxious Liquid Substances
(NLS Convention):
International Association of Classification Societies
(IACS)
  The classification societies each publish rules and regulations that are
principally concerned with the strength and structural integrity of the
ship, the provision of adequate equipment, and the reliability of the
machinery.
 Ships may be built in any country to a particular classification society’s
rules and they are not restricted to classification by the relevant
society of the country where they are built or owned.
 In recent years, under the auspices of the IACS, member societies have
been engaged in the development of common structural rules for ships.
Cont.
These members of the IACS are:
1. American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) - USA
2. Bureau Veritas (BV) - France
3. China Classification Society (CCS) - China
4. Croatian Register of Shipping - Croatia
5. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) - Norway
6. Germanischer Lloyd (GL) - Germany
7. Indian Register of Shipping - India
8. Korean Register (KR) - Korea
9. Lloyd’s Register (LR) - Great Britain
10. Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (Class NK) - Japan
11. Polish Register of Shipping - Poland
12. Registro Italiano Navale (RINA) -Italy
13. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RS) - Russia