TLE- REVIEW April 13, 2023

CLASS
BASIC ELECTRICITY
ANCIENT GREEKS – STATIC ELECTRICITY
WILLIAM GILBERT (1544-1603)
English scientist and physician to
Queen Elizabeth.
Coined the word “electricity” from the
Greek word elektron and Latin word
electricus meaning resembling amber
In 1600 published "De Magnete,
Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno
Magnete Tellure" ("On the Magnet,
Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet
of the Earth").

Showed that frictional (static) electricity occurs in

many common materials.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Conducted many experiments on static
electricity from 1746 – 1751
(including his lightning experiment)
and became famous throughout Europe
by describing these experiments in a
series of letters to Peter Collinson.

The kite experiment simply proved

that lightning and tiny sparks were the
same.
ALESSANDRO VOLTA (1745 – 1827)

Interpreted Galvani’s
experiment with decapitated
frogs as involving the
generation of current flowing
through the moist flesh of
the frog’s leg between two
dissimilar metals.

In 1799 he developed the first battery (voltaic pile)

that generated current from the chemical reaction
of zinc and copper discs separated from each other
with cardboard discs soaked in a salt solution.
The energy in joules required to move a charge of
one coulomb through an element is 1 volt.
SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON (1856 – 1940)
Discovers the electron in 1898

Cathode Tube
J. J. Thomson

Electric Field -- “corpuscle”

Cavendish Labs
ELECTRIC LIGHTS
Thomas Edison Replica of original lightbulb
1847 - 1931 Patent #223,898
Invented and developed
complete DC electric
generation and
distribution system for
city lighting systems

Carried on a major
competition with George
Westinghouse who
developed an AC
generation and distribution
system
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) SYSTEMS
Nikola Tesla
1856 - 1943 Birth of Commercial Electricity

Over 700 patents

Rotating magnetic field principle
Polyphase alternating-current system
Inducton motor
AC power transmission
Telephone repeater
Tesla coil transfromer
Radio
Fluorescent lights
ELECTRICIT
Y( Modern Latin electricus - lit. "resembling amber")
is briefly defined as the flow of electric charge.
It is the flow of electrons from an area high in
electron excess to one lower electron content.

Electricity is a phenomenon which is known

more by its effect. You can only see, feel or hear
its effect because it can produce heat, light,
sound and is able to cause mechanical movements
of things in a certain place or from one place to
another.
ELECTRICIT
Y
Scientifically, this is defined as a basic
form of energy that is a property of a
certain fundamental particles of matter
known as protons and electrons.
 THE ELECTRON
THEORY
Everything us consists of matter and all matter is composed of
atoms.

Nucleus - consist
of protons and
neutrons.
Protons - Positive
Neutrons - Neutral
Electron -
orbiting around the
THE ELECTRON
THEORY
The movement of valence electrons in a conductor is the essence of electric
current.
CONDUCTORS AND
INSULATORS
METALS are good conductors of electricity, where
electrons move freely from one atom to another, in
other words CONDUCTORS are materials with very
low resistance, and thus it easily permits the flow of
current.

NON-METALS are usually non conductors of electricity

and are used as insulators.
INSULATORS are materials with very high resistance;
hence it does not permit the flow of electric current.
KINDS OF
ELECTRICITY
Static Electricity – electricity that is not in motion or
electricity at rest. It is usually generated by means
of friction.

Dynamic or Current Electricity – electricity in

motion. It can be transmitted through a conductor
from one place to another by means of potential
difference (voltage)
SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY
1.Mechanically Generated
Electricity Motors and Dynamo
Rotary Machines
Hydroelectric
power
Geothermal Power
Generator
Engines
2.Chemically Generated Electricity
SOURCES OF
ELECTRICAL POWER
AC (ALTERNATING CURRENT) Source –
common household convenience outlet
where appliances are plugged / or an
electric transformer.

DC (DIRECT CURRENT) Source –

Cells, batteries, power adaptors

*Converters – Change AC to DC
output
*Inverters – Change DC to AC
 DIRECT
CURRENT
The flow of electron in a conductor is in only
one direction only.
Conventionally, it flows from a negative pole
through an electrical device (like light bulb) to
the positive pole.
METHODS OF CAUSING
DIRECT CURRENT
1. Chemical – chemical energy to
electrical energy. Ex: Voltaic Cell or
Battery
2. Photoelectric – OR SOLAR CELL
(Solar energy to electric energy)
3. Thermo Coupling - direct conversion
of temperature differences to electric
voltage and vice versa via a
thermocouple
ALTERNATING
CURRENT
The flow of electron changes
alternately.
PROPERTIES OF
ELECTRICITY
1. Voltage – is the electromotive force
(EMF) that enables or pushes the
electrons to flow in a conductor
towards a certain direction.
2. Current – is the intensity of the
flow of electrons
3. Resistance is the force that opposes the
flow of electrons
 VOLTAG
Is the measure ofE
the push on each electron, which
makes the electron move.
Letter E is used to symbolize voltage in writing
electrical formulas.
EMF – Electromotive Force / potential
 VOLTAGE
Voltage or potential difference always involve two points. The strength of potential
difference is measured in volts.

A B C D

20 VOLTS 10 VOLTS
 ELECTRON CURRENT
• The flow of electron.
• Ampere (A) is the unit of measure for
current.
• 1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second
RESISTANC
E • Is the opposition to current flow.
• Resistance is a lot like friction, they
both act to oppose motion and
generate heat.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINES RESISTANCE
1. The material itself determines the resistance of
a conductor.
Silver is better conductor than copper and copper is
better than aluminium. The atomic structure plays a role
in the resistance.
 SPECIFIC
- RESISTANCE
different materials vary greatly with respect to their
resistance.
- The specific resistivity of different materials is
determined by measuring the resistance of different
wires of the same size and shape but made of
different materials to be tested.
Symbol Name Specific
Resistance
Ag Silver 9.9
Cu Copper 10.4
Au Gold 14.7
Cr Chromium 15.6
A1 Aluminum 17.0
Ti Titanium 19.2
Na Sodium 25.9
Mg Magnesium 26.2
Ca Calcium 27.6
Rh Rhodium 28.2
W Tungsten 30.1
Mn Manganese 31.9
Zn Zinc 34.6
Ir Iridium 36.7
K Potassium 36.7
Ni Nickle 41.7
Cd Cadium 42.3
In Indium 50.3
Li Lithium 51.4
Fe Iron 52.9
Co Cobalt 54.1
FACTORS THAT DETERMINES RESISTANCE

2. Cross-sectional areas.
The resistance is inversely proportional to the cross
sectional area. This means that if the cross-sectional area
of the conductor is increased, its resistance will
decrease.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINES RESISTANCE
3. Length.
Resistance directly proportional to the length of a
conductor; that is, a longer conductor has a greater
resistance.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINES RESISTANCE
4. Temperature.
As the temperature of a material increases, the
atoms in the material increase their activity which
cause the type of electrons to undergo more collisions
and hence; encounter more obstacles.
CONDITIONS OF A
CIRCUIT
CONDUCTOR
S
 Wire
Wire sizeSize
is the actual size of
conductors without insulation.
As the numbers become
larger, the size of the wire
decreases.
Copper wires number 12
and 14 are usually used for
The term ‘gauge’ is used
to define the diameter of
the wire.
2
important
things:
 As the wire gauge number
gets bigger, the diameter
gets smaller. This is
counterintuitive and takes some
getting used to. For example,
30 AWG wire has a smaller
diameter than 12 AWG wire.
 The AWG value
does not include the
wire's
insulation. AWG only
measures the diameter of
the metal part of the
2
TYPES
Solid
consists of
Wire
one piece of
metal wire.
 Stranded Wire
composed of a number
of small gauge wire
bundled or wrapped
together to form a
larger conductor.
WIRE SIZES /
CABLES
For lighting fixtures and
circuit
#14 AWG
Circuit for Convenience
Outlet
#12 AWG
Cable for Service
Entrance #8 AWG
CONDUIT
S
Conduits is a type of tubing metal or
plastic which is used to enclose and
protect electrical wirings.

Conduit protects individual

conductor from moisture and
s
physical
harm.
Thin wall conduit – (Type EMT) is a standard choice for exposed interior locations
Flexible Metal Conduits – similar to ARMORED CABLE; used indoors where EMT
would be too much trouble to route and for water heaters and other large
appliances.
Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit – are made from PVC, is often allowed for interior
installation.
RACEWA
YS
Raceways are installed
to provide mechanical
protection to conductors,
while keeping them
accessible to wiring
changes.
 BOXES &
COVERS,
OUTLET
SWITCHES &
RECEPTACLE
ELECTRICA
L
BOXES
ELECTRICAL
BOXES
enclose wire
connections for
applications
such as a light
switch, electrical
 Specific boxes are
designed for use
indoors, outdoors, for
attaching to the outside
of walls, for behind
walls and other
 TYPES OF
ELECTRICAL
BOXES
 HANDY
ELECTRICAL
BOX
 OUTDOOR
ELECTRICAL
BOX
Shapes and sizes :
Standard
rectangular,
square, round or
octagonal, ceiling
Materials :
 BOX
COVE
R
 BOX
Once a box has been
COVER
installed and devices
have been attached to
the wiring inside, code
requires an appropriate
cover.
SWITCHE
S
 SWITC
H component
an electrical
that can break an
electrical circuit,
interrupting
the current or diverting
it from one conductor
SINGLE
POLE
SWITCH
 SINGLE POLE
TOUCH
SWITCH
CANOP
Y
FEED
THROUGH
SWITCH
THREE
WAY
SWITCH
FOUR
WAY
SWITCH
DIMME
R
MALE
 OUTLET
RECEPTACL
ES
 CONVENIENCE OUTLET
receptacle providing a
place in a wiring
system where current
can be taken to run
electrical devices
DUPLE
X
OUTLE
 SINGLE
RECEPTAC
LE
RECEPTAC
LE FOR
THREE
 RECEPTACLE
FOR
HORIZONTAL
AND
 NO-
SHOCK
DUPLEX
WEATHER-
PROOF
RECEPTAC
Electrical
tape
CIRCUIT
PROTECTION
Fuses:
60 Amps – 100 Amps – Main Fuse
DEVICE
20 Amps – lighting fixture
30 Amps – convenience outlet

Circuit breakers
60 Amps – 100 Amps

Branch Circuits
15 Amps - lighting fixture
20 Amps - convenience outlet
30 Amps – Heavy duty appliances
outlets
QUEST
ION
Circuit breakers are used to protect household circuits. What is the ampacity rating
of
the breaker used for convenience outlet and general purpose circuits?
A. 20 Amps
B. 30 Amps
C. 15 Amps
D. 60 Amps
ELECTRICAL
TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENT
Electrical Tools and equipment
are materials used in electrical
wiring installation.
PLIERS
Pliers are available with both
insulated and uninsulated handle.
Insulated handle plier should be
used where working on or near hot
wire. The handle insulator should
not be considered sufficient
protection alone, and another safety
precautions must be observed.
Diagonal Side Cutter Chain Nose Plier

Diagonal Plier

Side Cutter Plier

 Slip joint plier

Oblique Cutting with

Long nose plier Skinning Holes Plier
High Leverage
End Cutter

Curve Jaw
SCREW DRIVER
Screwdrivers come in any various size and
with several tip and shapes .
Screwdrivers used by electricians should
have insulated handles.
For safe and efficient use, screw driver
tips should be kept square and sharp.
In selecting a screwdriver for a particular
job, the width of a screwdriver tip match
the width of the screw slot.
Stubby or Close
Quarter Screw
Driver

Screw Driver Bits

Phillips Star Screw

Phillips Flat Screw

DRILLING
EQUIPMENT
Drilling equipment is needed to
make holes in building structures
for passage of conduit and
wire in both new and old
construction
Power Drill

Ratchet Brace
 Auger Drill Bit
Masonry Drill Bit

Wood Drill Bit

Metal Drill Bit

SAWING AND CUTTING
TOOL
Saw commonly used by
electricians including the
crosscut, keyhole,
hacksaw and power saw.
 Power Saw

Crosscut Saw

Keyhole Saw
Hack Saw
 SOLDERING EQUIPMENT

In doing electrical wiring,

splices and taps connections
made to wire at other than and
should be soldered, (unless you
use solderless connectors).
Typical equipment available for
soldering are shown .
 Soldering Paste
Soldering Iron
Soldering Gun

Propane Torch

Soldering LEAD
HAMMERS
Hammers are used with chisels
and for nailing and fitting.
Claw Hammer
Lineman’s Hammer

Ball-Pen Hammer
TEST LIGHT AND WIRE
STRIPPER

Test light - used to test the

line if there is a electricity.

Wire striper - used to

remove the insulator to the
conductor.
Test Light Wire Str ipper
MEASURING TOOLS

To measure wire length,

opening size, conduit and the
items, the electrician finds
considerable use for
measuring tools such as the
extension rule, push-pull Tape
rule, Steel tape.
Push-pull Tape Rule

Extended Ruler
MISCELLANEOUS
TOOLS, EQUIPMENT

Additional tools and

equipment needed in handling
house wiring jobs include,
conduit bender, pipe cutter,
test lights wood chisel, and
reamer,
Pipe Cutter Wood Chisel

Conduit Bender
Pipe Reamer
MULTITESTE
R
Utility
Knife

PVC Pipe Cutter

Fuse puller
ELECTRO REV.CLASS
2022
ELECTRONIC
SElectronics – refers to the flow of
charge (moving electrons) through
nonmetal conductors (mainly semiconductors).
The flow of through
charge materials
various and devices such as,
semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, and
vacuum tubes.
3 TYPES OF DIAGRAM

1. SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
3. PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Power Supply
Block
Diagram
 Power Supply
Pictorial Diagram
ELECTRONIC
S Electronic components -It refers to any physical
entity in an electronic system whose intention is to
affect the electrons in a desired manner
consistent with the intended function of the electronic
system
Electronic circuit – composed of different
components
that are classified as active and passive
components.
Passive – components that do not generate
voltage but
controls the current in a circuit.
Ex. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
Active – components that can generate, amplify
ELECTRONIC
S Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors
nor good insulators
Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in
electric current.
Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it
lowers the voltage. It is non-polarized.
Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used
to store energy in an electric field.
Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the
complete flow of current.
Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can
move freely
Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired
voltage.
ELECTRONIC
S Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors
nor good insulators
Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in
electric
current.
Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it
lowers the voltage. It is polarized.
Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used
to store energy in an electric field.
Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the
complete flow of current.
Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons
can move freely
Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired
voltage.
ELECTRONICS
(TOOLS)
Electric Drill and Drill Bits - in the range of 1/8 inch to 1/2 inch will come in
handy when you need to drill holes.
Soldering Iron - a 20 Watt to 30 Watt soldering iron with tips of 1/8 inch to
1/2 inch can be used for soldering of through hole components.
Disordering Pump - A pump aids in the removal of the liquid solder.
Wire stripper - is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it
is used to connect to another wire.
Long nose Pliers – a 4-inch long nose pliers used to hold components that
have short leads that need to be soldered onto the PCB.
Side-Cutting Pliers - 4-inch side cutting pliers used to trim off excess
component leads on the printed circuit board and to cut wires before
being used.
Small tweezers - is used to hold small components.
Allen Wrench - set is used to unscrew or screw Allen type of screws.
Philips/Flat Head Screwdrivers
🞂 Socket wrench - sets that include nut drivers, hex drivers.
ELECTRONICS
(TOOLS)
Maintenance
Tinning – the process of cleaning and applying a thin coat of solder on the tip of
the pre-heat soldering iron.
Flux – chemical cleaning agent, The purpose of flux is to clean oxides from
metal surfaces to ensure a clean bond in soldering.
Maintenance Tips of Electronic Tools
Ensure that the tools are used only for their intended purposes.
Keep them lubricated with a light film of oil to inhibit rust.
Keep the tools clean and sharp; keep the soldering tips clean and well tinned.
Ensure that proper uses of the tools are always adhered to by following the
instructions of using the tools.
ELECTRONICS
(COMPONENTS)Components
Electronic
It is a basic electronic element usually
packaged in a discrete form, intended to be
connected together, usually by soldering to a
printed circuit board, to create an electronic
circuit with a particular
function (for example amplifier, radio
an receiver, or oscillator).
ELECTRONICS
(CAPACITORS)
Capacitor
is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductor
separated by a dielectric.
It stores and discharge electrical
energy.
The voltage rating found in a
capacitor
is called working voltage.
The rating is expressed in capacitance; the
unit of measurement in
capacitance is farad.
– invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist
(October 1745)
ELECTRONICS
(CAPACITORS)
Types of Capacitor
Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacitor)
Tantalum Capacitor
Ceramic Capacitor
Polystyrene Film Capacitor
Mica Capacitor
Metalized Polyester Capacitor
Variable Capacitor
Trimmer Capacitor
ELECTRONICS
(DIODES)
It converts AC to DC.
direction.
It is a device that conducts current to flow
in only one
They are called rectifiers
It is polarized, the terminals are anode
(positive) and cathode (negative)
Forward biased – when current is
applied to the cathode (negative),
it permits the flow of current. (ON
switch)
Reverse biased – when current is
applied to the anode (positive), it will
not
permit the flow of current. (OFF
ELECTRONICS
(DIODES)
Zener diode – used as voltage reference,
connected across a circuit where
rderigecuoitlan.ted voltage is required; acts as a
regulator
Light emitting diode (LED) – it acts like rectifier
diode except that is usually intended to indicate
flow of current.
Photo diode – a diode which is sensitive to light; a
light sensitive diode.
ELECTRONICS
(TRANSISTORS)
Is an active semiconductor device having 3
electrodes. It could perform a variety of
applications such as switch, amplifier, and
rectifier.
The terminals of a transistor are base,
collector and emitter.
BASE - which is the lead responsible for
activating
the transistor.
COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.
EMITTER - which is the negative lead.
ELECTRONICS
(TRANSISTORS)
Kinds of Transistor
NPN – arrow pointing outward;

PNP – arrow pointing inward.

ELECTRONICS
(RESISTORS)
Is a device that opposes the flow of
electric current, it lowers voltage
The simplest components in any
circuit. Their job is to restrict the flow
of electrons and reduce the current
or voltage flowing by converting
electrical energy into heat.
Variable resistors (also known as
potentiometers) have a dial control
on them so they change the amount
of resistance when you turn them.
ELECTRONICS
(RESISTORS)
ELECTRONICS
(RESISTORS)
What are those Pretty Colors on the Resistors?

Typically, a resistor will have 4 color bands on them which represent the
resistance values of the resistor. Each color of the “Resistor Color Code”
represents a numeric value:

A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What is the

value and tolerance of the resistor?

Yellow = 4; Violet = 7; Black = 1;

47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5%
ELECTRONICS
(RESISTORS)
Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significantfigure Multiplier Tolerance
Black ---- 0 1 ----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%

A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What is the

value and tolerance of the resistor?
Yellow = 4; Violet = 7; Black = 1;
47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5%
LET’S
TRY
Color

Black
1st Significant figure

----
2nd Significantfigure

0
Multiplier

1
Tolerance

----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%

🞂 2 4 x 10 = 240Ohms +-5%
LET’S
TRY
Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well
Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes
Well
LET’S
TRY

Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significantfigure Multiplier Tolerance

Black ---- 0 1 ----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
LET’S
TRY

Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significantfigure Multiplier Tolerance

Black ---- 0 1 ----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
LET’S
TRY

Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significantfigure Multiplier Tolerance

Black ---- 0 1 ----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
ELECTRONICS
(CIR CUIT
Breadboard
BOARD)
Temporary, no soldering required
This is a way of making a temporary circuit, for testing purposes or to try out an idea.
No soldering is required and all the components can be re-used afterwards.
It is easy to change connections and replace components
ELECTRONICS
(CIR CUIT
Strip board
Permanent, soldered
BOARD)
Strip board has parallel strips of copper track on one side. The strips are 0.1"
(2.54mm) apart and there are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm).
Strip board requires no special preparation other than cutting to size. It can be cut with a junior
hacksaw, or simply snap it along the lines of holes by putting it over the edge of a bench or
table and pushing hard.
ELECTRONICS
(CIR CUIT BOARD)
Printed Circuit Board
Permanent, soldered
Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components
are placed.
PLUMBING REV.CLASS
2022
 PLUMBING

defined as the art and science of installing

pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus to
convey and supply water in buildings and to
dispose and discharge waste water and
other liquids, gases and other substances out
of buildings in safe, orderly, healthy and
sanitary way to ensure the health and
sanitation of life and property.
 PLUMBIN
G OBJECTIVES
2 MAIN
1.To supply water to
different parts of the
building.
2.To remove and discharge
human wastes and other
substances out of building into the
public sewer or septic tank.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
“PLUMBING”.

The word Plumbing is derived from the Latin for lead,

plumbum, as the first effective pipes used in the
Roman era were lead pipes.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
“PLUMBER

Title given to a person who is skilled in the field of

sanitation. It was derived from the ancient Roman
word plumbarius.
 GRECO-ROMAN
CIVILIZATION
• Bathing is a must for Romans
• Demand for constant supply of
water.

ROMAN AQUEDUCT
water system bring water from distant
sources into their cities and towns, supplying
public
 QUESTION
 WhatTIME!
is Plumbing?
What is the earliest water
system that brings water
from distant sources into the
cities?
What is a Plumber?
 Conditions for an effective Water
Supply in Building

1.To provide sufficient

amount of water to
supply each fixture.

2.To prevent back flow

of used water into the
MANDATORY
REQUIREMENTS FOR A
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
All plumbing design and
installations are governed
by a set of rules and
limitations prescribed by the
National Plumbing Code.
 THE DRAINAGE
2 Types of Waste
SYSTEM
1. SOLID WASTE
- being discharged by water
closet

2. LIQUID WASTE
- that are coming from
 2 Types Pipes
1. WASTE PIPE
- conveys waste from various fixtures other
than water closet.

2. SOIL PIPE
- Convey waste coming from water closet.
COMMON PLUMBING
HAND AND POWER
TOOLS
WHAT IS A
TOOL?
PLUMBING
TOOLS Pipe
Wrench
The wrench
Stillson
pipe wrench or Stillsons
(US), (UK)
- is an adjustable wrench/spanner
used for turning soft iron pipes and
fittings with a rounded surface.
STEEL PIPE
CUTTER
A steel pipe cutter is a type of tool used
by plumbers to cut pipe. Besides producing
a clean cut, the tool is often a faster,
cleaner, and more convenient way of cutting
pipe than using a hacksaw, although this
depends on the metal of the pipe.
COPPER TUBING
CUTTER
It is a pipe cutter designed for cutting copper tubes. Like steel pipe cutter it
produces
a clean cut, faster and convenient to use compare to hacksaw.
PLASTIC TUBING
CUTTER
It is a pipe cutter designed for cutting plastic pipes. It also produces a clean
cut
compare to hacksaw.
HACKS
AW
A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally and principally made for cutting metal.
They can also cut various other materials, such as plastic and wood; for example,
plumbers and electricians often cut plastic pipe and plastic conduit with them
PIPE
THREADER
is a device used to cut grooves or
threads into the end of a metal pipe.
These grooves are similar to those
found on a traditional screw, and serve
the same basic function.
PIPE
VISE
Pipe vise is a plumber's tool, often
used to hold pipes in place for
threading and cutting. There are two
main styles: chain and yoke. The yoke
type vise uses a screw to clamp down
the pipe, and the chain style uses a
chain for securing the pipe.
PIPE
REAMER
A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking. Precision reamers are
designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but
with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides.
HOW TO
CUT, REAM
AND THREAD
PIPES
PPR FUSION
MACHINE
Uses heat fusion (sometimes called
heat welding, butt welding or simply
fusion) to join two different pieces of a
thermoplastic.
VID
EO
ADJUSTABLE
WRENCH
An adjustable wrench, also called
an adjustable spanner or
an adjustable crescent is a tool, which
can be used to loosen or tighten a nut
or bolt. It has a "jaw" (the part where
the nut or bolt fits), which is of
adjustable size.
PUSH-PULL
RULE
A thin steel rule which coils into a
case when not in use.
IDENTIFY AND
EXPLAIN THE
FOLLOWING
TOOLS!
 COMMON
PLUMBING AND
PIPING FITTINGS
FITTIN
G
A fitting is used in pipe systems to
connect straight pipe or tubing sections,
adapt to different sizes or shapes and
for other purposes.
 ELBO
W
An elbow is installed between two
lengths of pipe (or tubing) to allow a
change of direction, usually a 90° or
45° angle; 22.5° elbows are also
available.
G.I.
ELBOW
PVC PPR
ELBOW Elbow

Copper
Elbow
COUPLI
NG
A coupling connects two pipes.
There are two types of couplings:
"regular" and "slip".
NIPPL
E
A nipple is a short stub of pipe, usually
male-threaded steel, brass, chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or copper
(occasionally unthreaded copper),
which connects two other fittings.
 G.I.
Nipple

PVC
Nipple
REDUCE
R
A reducer allows for a change
in pipe size to meet
requirements
hydraulic flowof the system or
adapt to existing piping of a
different
size.
TE
E
A tee, the most common pipe fitting, is used to combine (or divide) fluid flow. It
is
available with female thread sockets & solvent-weld sockets
CRO
SS
Crosses, also known as four-way fittings or cross branch lines, have one inlet and
three outlets (or vice versa), and often have solvent-welded socket or female-
threaded ends.
 CA
Caps, usually liquid- or gas-tight, cover
P
otherwise
the open end of a pipe. A cap attaches to
the exterior of a pipe, and may have a solvent-
weld socket end or a female-threaded interior.
IDENTIFY THE
FOLLOWING:
PLUMBING
FIXTURES
THE PLUMBING
FIXTURES
A plumbing fixture is an
exchangeable device which can be
connected to a plumbing system to
deliver and drain water.
A BATHTUB, BATH, OR TUB
(INFORMAL)
is a large or small container
for holding water in which a
person or animal may bathe.
BIDE
T
A bidet is a plumbing fixture or
type of sink intended for washing
the genitalia, perineum, inner
buttocks, and anus of the human
body, and is typically installed in a
bathroom.
TRENCH
DRAIN
A trench drain (also channel drain, line drain, slot drain, linear drain or strip drain)
is
a specific type of floor drain containing a dominant trough- or channel-shaped body.

It is used for the rapid evacuation of surface water or for the containment of
utility
lines or chemical spills.
DRINKING
FOUNTAIN
A drinking fountain, also called a
water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain
designed to provide drinking water.
It consists of a basin with either
continuously running water or a tap.
SIN
K
also known by other names
including sinker, washbowl, hand
basin and wash basin — is a
bowl- shaped plumbing fixture
used for washing hands,
dishwashing, and other purposes..
FAUCET/
TAP
A faucet is a valve controlling
the release of a liquid or gas.
SHOW
ER
A shower is a place in which a
person bathes under a spray of
typically warm or hot water.
LAVAT
ORY
A vessel (such as a basin) for washing; especially: a fixed bowl or basin with
running
water and drain pipe for washing.
URIN
AL
A urinal is a sanitary plumbing fixture
for urination only, predominantly used
by males. It can take the form of a
container or simply a wall, with
drainage and automatic or manual
flushing, or without flush water as is the
case for waterless urinals.
WATER
CLOSET/TOILET
A toilet/water closet is a sanitation fixture
used for the storing or disposal of human
urine and feces.
WATER
CLOSET/TOILET
Water closet is classified
according:

1. Design
2. Quality
3. Shape
4. Color
MISCELLANEOU
S
SINK
AUGER
A sink auger (also called a drum
auger or canister auger) is one of
the most valuable of the various
special tools for plumbing you will
want to have on hand. This easy-
to- use tool is great for breaking
up and clearing clogs in sinks and
tubs.
TOILET/CLOSET
AUGER
is a specialized plumbing tool used to clear clogs in
toilets.
FLANGE PLUNGER (TOILET
PLUNGER)
or ball plunger is a specially shaped
plunger used to clear clogs in
toilets.
The flange plunger's special shape
seals the hole at the bottom of a toilet
bowl, unlike a standard cup-shaped
plunger which is used for sinks and
tubs.
CUP
PLUNGER
It has a rubber cup-like shape and wooden handle and is used to clear clogs in sinks,
tubs, and showers. Do not use this plunger for clearing toilet clogs, because that
requires a specially shaped plunger called a flange plunger.
 PLUMBER’S TAPE
Plumber's
(TEFLON tape is an essential material for
TAPE)
preventing leakage at threaded plumbing joint
connections.
It's also used to seal air and gas from leaking
through threaded connections, such as at your
dryer.
Fire
Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are normally red. If they are
not red, they should have a red background so
they can be easily located.
 PIPES
A hollow cylinder following certain dimension
rules.
Used mainly to convey substances which can flow
THE CHOICE OF THE KIND OF PIPE TO BE
INSTALLED DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING
CONSIDERATIONS:
a. Quality and durability
b. Resistance to internal and external contact with foreign
matters
c. Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements
d. Cost of materials and labor
PLASTIC OR
SYNTHETIC PIPES
1. RIGID TYPE
a. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
b. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
c. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
(uPVC)
d. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
e. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR
PLASTIC OR
SYNTHETIC PIPES
2. FLEXIBLE TYPE
a. Polythylene (PE)
b. Polybutylene
(PB)
 PE
X
⚫Cross-linked polyethylene
⚫Flexible plastic piping.
⚫Popular selection in residential
and small business applications.
⚫ Cannot be used in outdoor
application as UV rays can
damage its outdoor plasticlayer.
⚫ Diameters of the following pipes shown
below:
 COPPER
⚫ Copper
PIPING
piping is most often used for
supply of hot and cold tap water, and as
refrigerant line in
HVAC systems(heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning).
There are two basic types of copper tubing :
1. Soft copper
2. Rigid copper
 SOFT
COPPER
⚫ Soft (orPIPE
ductile) copper tubing can be
bent easily to travel around obstacles
in the path of the tubing.

⚫ Most popular choice for refrigerant

lines in split- system air conditioners
and heatpumps.
 RIGID
⚫Rigid
COP PER
copper is a popular choice for
water lines.

⚫Rigid copper, rigid due to the work

hardening of the drawing process, cannot
be bent and must use elbow fittings to go
around corners or around obstacles.
VIDE
O:
 PV
⚫PVC full nameC
is Poly Vinyl
Chloride.
⚫Used
⚫Varyfor hot
onand their
cold potable water
thickness
as well with sewage application.
configuration depending on and
application where to be the
Example : pressure water pipes are not
⚫used.
the same as sewer pipes and not the
same as the ones used on storm
drainage systems.
 PVC
Pvc
(COLD
(hot water)
WATER)
 GALVANIZED
PIPING
⚫Used several years ago.
⚫Less frequent used now as rust can build
up inside small diameterpipes.
⚫If pipe is old, water coming from the faucet
with rust traces can beseen.
⚫Can be used to transport grey water or
non- potable water.
⚫Use for high temperature or
pressure manufacturing processes.
⚫Use in the petroleum industries.
 BRA
SS
⚫Brass is an alloy made of copper and zinc.
⚫The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied
to create a range of brasses with varying
properties.
⚫Provide great rust resistancepiping.
⚫Excellent for hot-water and large distribution
systems such as pump fittings, water tanks
and wells.
 STAINLESS
STEEL
Stainless steel can look very neat, but it is
very expensive.
Stainless steel pipe is used in areas subject
to corrosion and near coastal areas.
This type of pipe is available in both
flexible and rigid and will need some
special couplings to be attached to other
types of pipes.
 QUESTION
 WhatTIME!
is a pipe?
What are the different
materials used in
making pipes?
VALV
ES
⚫ A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by
opening,
closing or partially obstructing various passageways.
⚫ The various types of valves are:

Ball valve Check

Gate valve valve
Butterfly Globe
valve valve
Diaphragm
valve
 BALL
⚫ A ball valve is a VALVE
form of quarter-turn valve which
uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control
flow through it.
⚫ In open position, hole in the sphere is in line with
the pipe.
⚫ When closed, hole in the sphere is perpendicular
to pipe.
⚫ Lever handle operates the valveand also serves as
an indicator for whether the valve is open or
closed.
⚫ Ball valves do not allow for precise flow control as
they usually have positive stops(0, 45, 90 degrees), but
they do provide a very good seal in the closed
position.
 GATE
VALVE
⚫A gate valve, also known as a
sluice valve, is
a valve that opens by lifting a
round or rectangular gate out of
the path of the fluid.
⚫Controls water flowby raising or
lowering the gate, which is
generally a piece of metal.
⚫ Not durable
⚫ Susceptible to corrosion, which will cause the valve
to get stuck in the open or closed position
 BUTTERFLY
VALVE
⚫A butterfly valve is a valve which
can be used for isolating or
regulating
flow.
⚫The closing mechanism takes the form of
a disk. Operation is similar to that of a
ball valve, which allows for quick
shutoff.
⚫It is attached to a lever handle that
⚫ Butterfly valves are generally favored because they
are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as
being lighter in weight, meaning less support is
required
 DIAPHRAGM
VALVE
⚫Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves)
consists of a valve body with two or
more ports, a diaphragm, and a
"weir or saddle" or seat upon which the
diaphragm closes thevalve.
⚫Similar to gatevalve.
⚫In a diaphragm valve, the element is a
diaphragm that settles down over a
saddle, thus stopping water flow.
 GLOBE
VALVE
⚫A globe valve, different from ball valve, is
a type of valve used for regulating f low
in a pipeline, consisting of a movable
disk-type element and a stationary ring
seat in a generally spherical body.
⚫Used to throttle or limit the f lowof
⚫water.
Contains a stopper is raised and
that lowered by a
wheel or knob on ashaft.
 CHECK
⚫ A check valve,VALVE
clack valve, non-return valve or one-
way valve is a valve that normally allows to flow
through it in only onedirection.
⚫ Generally not operational.
⚫ Back-flow preventer is a type of check valve.
⚫ A ball-check valve uses a ball to stop the flow of
water in wrong direction.
⚫ A diaphragm-check valve has a rotating disc or
rubber flap that is pushed to seal the opening in
the event of flow in thewrong direction.
VIDE
O:
PLUMBING TRAPS AND
SOVENTS
 WHAT ARE PLUMBING
TRAPS?
A fixture trap is a device scientifically designed to prevent the backflow of gases
into
the outlet of the fixture.
Trap seal – the column of water that is retained between the overflow & dip of
the trap.
Also known as “Water Seal”.
Water sealed traps are classified as:
Permissible Traps and as Objectionable
Traps

The Permissible Type of Traps

are:
1. THE
P-TRAP/GOOSENE
CK
2. THE
DRUM TRAP
Stand High Low
Trap Hub Hub

Extra Bras
Heavy s
THE
P-TRAPS/GOOSENEC
K
Attributed to its form that is in some manner as the neck of the goose. P-trap is used
to provide a mechanical barrier against passage of noxious air form the septic tank
or main sewer line.
The Water-Sealed P-Traps Classifications:
1. The common seal P-Trap
2. Deep Seal P-Trap
A common seal P-Trap is used for fixtures that are subjected to normal conditions. This trap has
5 cm deep water seal.
A deep seal P-Trap has from 7.5 – 10 cm water seal content. It is purposely designed
for situations such as:
Extreme
🢝 heat condition in the area.
🢝 Increase/decrease in atmospheric pressure.
🢝 Circumstances where total ventilation is unobtainable.
COMMON P-TRAP OPERATED
FIXTURES
The P-Trap is the most common and practical shape available in various sizes from 32 - 150
mm
in diameter. These are suitable for fixtures such as:
Lavatorie
s Sinks
Urinals
Drinking
Fountain
Shower Bath with less
amount of discharge.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
FIXTURES TO BE INSTALLED:
Class 1 – For Private Use applied to fixtures in residences, apartment and
private
bathroom of hotels and etc.
Class 2 – For Semi-Public Use applied to fixture in office buildings,
factories,
dormitories and etc.
Class 3 – For Public Use such as schools, gymnasium, hotels, railroad and
bus
terminals, public CR’s and etc.
TYPES AND
CLASSIFICATIONS
Class A Fires – ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper,
rubber
and many plastics.
Class B Fires – Flammable liquids, gases, and greases.
Class C Fires – Energized electrical equipment
where the electrical are non-
conductivity of the extinguishers media of importance.
Class D Fires – Combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium
and potassium.
WHAT IS DRAINAGE
SYSTEM?
Drainage System basically refers to all the piping within the private and public
premises which conveys sewage, rainwater and other liquid waste to a point of
disposal. A drainage system does not include the mains of public sewer systems or a
private or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
HOUSE DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
The Waste water from W.C, bathrooms, sinks and wash basins is to be properly
disposed in to the muncipal sewers. It is therefore necessary to construct a system of
conveyance of wastewater from W.C, bathrooms, kitchens and washbasins and
disposal to the muncipal sewer. This system is known as house drainage system
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Sewage: The waste water coming from W.C. and containing human excreta is
known
as sewage.
Sullage: The Wastewater coming from bathrooms and kitchens which does not contain
fecal matter is known as sullage.
Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage/ wastewater is called sewer.
Soil Pipe: It is pipe carrying sewage from W.C.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Waste Pipe: It is a pipe carrying sulluge from bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, wash
basins,
etc.
Sewerage System: A system of sewers of different types and sizes in a town
collecting wastewater from the town and carrying it to the wastewater
treatment plant.
WASTE
PIPE
A pipe that conveys the discharge of only Grey Water ( liquid waste free of
fecal
matter. )
It receives the discharge of each fixture except from the WATER CLOSET.
CARPENTR REV.CLASS
2022
CARPENTR
YCarpentry is the term commonly referring to
technology science of cutting, fitting, and
and
assembling related materials in the construction of boats,
bridges and piers, or any other structure made from
construction materials.

is the art of cutting, framing, and joining timber or wood.

It is generally known as woodworking.
CARPENTR
Y CARPENTER (Builder) – is a skilled craftsperson
who performs carpentry. Carpenters work with wood to
construct, install, and maintain buildings, furniture, and
other objects.
CARPENTRY (TYPES OF
OCCUPATION)
Types of Occupation
Finish Carpenter – (Joiner)is one who does finish
carpentry; that is cabinetry, furniture making, fine
woodworking, model building, instrument making, parquetry,
joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and
minimal margins of error are important. Some large
scale constructions may be of an exactitude and artistry that
is classed as finished carpentry.
Trim Carpenter – specializes in molding and trim, such as
door and window casings, mantels, baseboards, and other
types of ornamental work. Cabinet installers are also
referred to as trim carpenters.
CARPENTRY (TYPES OF
OCCUPATION)
Cabinetmaker – is a carpenter who does fine and detailed
work, specializing in the making of the cabinets made from
wood, wardrobes, dressers, storage chests, and other furniture
designed for storage.
Ship’s Carpenter – specializes in shipbuilding,
maintenance, and repair and carpentry specific to nautical
needs; usually, the term refers to a carpenter who has a post
on a specific ship.
Scenic Carpenter – in Film Making, TV and the theatre
builds and dismantles temporary scenery and sets.
CARPENTRY (TYPES OF
OCCUPATION)
Framer – is a carpenter that builds the skeletal structure or
framework of buildings. Techniques include platform
framing, balloon framing, and timber framing.
Formwork Carpenter – create the shuttering and
falsework used in concrete construction.
Carpentry (Woods)
Woods Are by-product of trees which are used for
carpentry projects.
Wood is that fibrous substances which compose the
trunk and branches of the tree that lies between the pith
and the bark. Wood is the most common of the building
materials.
The versatility of using wood in the construction has
lifted it to its present importance in the field of
construction. Small houses and even palatial homes used
wood from its structure down to the finishing and
articulate carvings.
CARPENTRY (TYPES
OFLumber
WOODS)
- woods that came from trees, either softwood or
hardwood. Is the term applied to wood after it is
sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber etc.
Softwood – it comes from the evergreen or needle bearing
trees. These are called conifers because many of them bear
cones.
Hardwood – it comes from broad leafed (deciduous)
trees that shed their leaves at the end of the season.
Select grade – is lumber of good appearance that can
take different finishes such as stain, paint, and enamel.
Common grade – it is suitable for rough carpentry. It is
not of finishing quality. (eg. Coco Lumber)
CARPENTRY (PARTS
OF A WOOD)
Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close to the
bark
Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is made
up of accumulated dead cells.
Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the inner
part of the wood and the bark.
CARPENTRY (PARTS
OF A WOOD)
[a] Sapwood
[b] Heartwood
[c] Cambium laye
r
Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)

Layers
CUTS OF
WOOD
1. Tangential section – flat grain
2. Radial Section – edge grain
3. Transverse Section
PREPARATION
OF WOOD
Lumbering is the term applied to the operations performed
in preparing wood for commercial purposes. It involves
logging which is the process or operation of felling or
cutting of trees including in hauling and delivery to the
sawmill for sawing. Sawing on the otherhand, is the
operation of preparing or cutting the logs into its
commercial sizes.
METHODS AND MANNER OF
LOG SAWING
A.Plain or bastard sawing – cutting the logs entirely
through the diameter with a parallel cord tangential to
the annual rings.

B.The Quarter or rift sawing – is divided into four

methods; radial method, tangential method, quarter
tangential and combined radial and tangential.
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the

wood along the grain like small crack or split
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has been

exposed when the log is cut.
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains resinous

materials. (usually attracts ants)
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Stain – discoloration of the wood surface

Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Shake – separation between the annual growth

rings.
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Defects
CARPENTRY (QUALITY
OFLumber
WOOD)- Is the term applied to wood after it is sawed or
sliced into boards, planks, timber etc.
Rough Lumber - Is the term applied to unplaned or
undressed lumber.
Surfaced or Dressed Lumber - Is a planed lumber
having at least one smooth side.
S2s; S4s - Are planed or dressed lumber of which the
number connotes the number of smooth sides; such as S2s
is smooth on two sides.
Slab - Is a kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the
annual rings, running the full length ofthe fog and containing at
least one flat surface.
CARPENTRY (QUALITY
OFTimber
WOOD)- Is a piece of lumber five inches or 13 cm or larger
in its smallest dimension.

Plank - Is a wide piece of lumber from 4 to 13 cm thick.

Board - Is a piece of lumber less than 1 ½ or 4 cm thick and

at least 4 inches or 10 em. wide.

Flitch - is a thick piece of lumber.

Fine Grained - When the annual rings are small, the grain or
marking which separates adjacent rings is said to be fine grained;
when large, it is called Coarse Grained.
WHAT IS A
BOARD FOOT?

A board foot is a wood measurement for a piece of lumber 12" wide

by 1' long by 1" thick for estimating purposes. Board foot, or board
feet, is commonly abbreviated as FBM or BDFT. Learn how to
figure board feet in your next stack of lumber below.
570
CARPENTRY (UNIT
OF
MEASUREMENT OF WOOD)
The unit of measure for lumber is “board foot”.
(T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
How many board feet are there in 7 pieces of 2” x
4” x 12’ lumber?
56 bd. ft.

where: T in cm 2" = 5 Cm; Thickness in cm

W in cm 6" = 15 cm Width in cm
L in cm 20' = 5.08m Length in meters
 SEASON
ING
L
Seasoning is U
theMB ER
process of drying
timber to remove the bound moisture
contained in walls of the wood cells to
produce seasoned timber.
Seasoning can be achieved in a number
of ways, but the aim is to remove
water at a uniform rate through the
piece to prevent damage to the wood
during drying (seasoning degrade).
NATURAL
SEASONING
o - This is considered as one of the best
method of seasoning lumber although the
period involved is relatively longer. The
processes are:

1. Lumber is piled outside where its length is

sloped
at about 10 cm. to the meter height. ·
2.Lumber is piled in a well ventilated shed. Each
piece is properly and evenly spaced from each
other for free circulation of air around the lumber.
57
3
 ARTIFICIAL
oSEASONING
Artificial seasoning is resorted for quick drying but
wood from this process is quite inferior than that
seasoned by the natural method.

1. Forced Air Drying

2. Kiln Drying
3. Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying

57
4
CARPENTRY (WOOD
PREPARATION)
Seasoning – the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
Treated – Use of Chemical compound before seasoning
The approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture is
20 % for softwood, 6-12 % for
hardwood
Carpentry (Finishing)

Scraper is tool made of steel. It is used to

produce a very smooth surface.
CARPENTRY
(FINISHING)
Wood Fillers - this are
used to eliminate deep
cuts and holes in your
finished project, so that
surface can be made
even and smooth.
Carpentry (Finishing)

Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from

different color of woods such as walnut, mahogany
and natural color.
Carpentry (Finishing)

Shellac - a finishing material came from gums

substance of insects.
CARPENTRY
(FINISHING)
Varnish - a finishing
material when applied
produces high glossy
finish to a project. It
came in different
forms, from gum,
linseed oil, resin,
turpentine and or
chemical drier.
Carpentry (Joints)

Joinery is the process of putting the work together.

- is the art of joint making. It may include fastening and or
shaping the pieces of timber so they fit together neatly and
securely.

Joint – means the union of two or more smooth or even

surfaces, admitting two or more pieces of timber to a close
fitting or junction.
CARPENTRY
(JOINTS)
Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to the surface or edge of
other piece.
CARPENTRY
(JOINTS)
Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45 degrees and joined
forming right angle.
Carpentry (Joints)

Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs. (“Kaltas”)

CARPENTRY
(JOINTS)
Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint used for quality
chairs, tables and benches. (Force Fitting)
CARPENTRY
(JOINTS)
Dado - is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge of the
second board. (“TnG”)
CARPENTRY
(JOINTS)
Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to hold
glass in constructing drawers and other cabinetwork.
CARPENTRY
(COMMON TOOLS)
• Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled in a fixed casing
and
retracts automatically by spring.
Carpentry (Common Tools)

Knife is used when you know that the marks will disappear.
CARPENTRY
(COMMON TOOLS)
Try Square - is use for testing the squareness of two surfaces.

Woodworking tool used to mark a line at 90 degrees to

the edge of the wood or finding "square".
Carpentry (Common Tools)

Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and marking the thickness

and width of stock.
Carpentry (Common Tools)

Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out any angle.
Carpentry (Common Tools)

Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for drilling and boring holes.
Carpentry (Common Tools)

Dividers are used for dividing space equally, transferring

measurements and scribing arcs and circles.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)

Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be

performed in it.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)

Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for
clamping parts together when assembling projects.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber.

Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.

Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape of

the teeth is similar to knife blades.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the
bench and the vise.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Hack saw – is used to cut metal.

Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes.

Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood.

Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)

Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of

wood and for smoothing surfaces
Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)

Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges

CARPENTRY
(SMOOTHENING TOOLS)
Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of
woods.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)

Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods.

Carpentry (Boring Tools)

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)

Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)

Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is

used in boring holes with small diameter.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)

Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.

Carpentry (Driving Tools)

Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels with

wooden handles.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)

Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer. It is
used in metal work
CARPENTRY
(HOLDING TOOLS)
Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be performed in it.
Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for clamping
parts together when assembling projects.
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.
CARPENTRY
(CUTTING TOOLS)
Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber.
Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.
Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape
of the teeth is similar to knife blades.
Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the
bench and the vise.
Hack saw – is used to cut metal.
Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes.
Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood.
CARPENTRY
(SMOOTHENING TOOLS)
Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of
wood and for smoothing surfaces
Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges.
Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of
woods.
CARPENTRY
(BORING TOOLS)
Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods.
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.
Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.
Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It
is
used in boring holes with small diameter.
CARPENTRY
(DRIVING TOOLS)
Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels with
wooden handles.
Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.
Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer. It is
used in metal work.
SAMPLE
QUESTION 1
What computational formula is used to compute for the
measurement of wood in board feet?

⚫A.) (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
⚫B.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
⚫C.) (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
⚫D.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
SAMPLE
QUESTION 2
How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he purchase 14 pieces
of 2x2x10 of lumber and the prices per board foot is Php
12.50?
Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33

Total Amount = (3.33 Bd.ft x 14 pcs ) x Php12.50

⚫A.) Php 41.66 Total Amount = (46.66 Bd.ft) x Php 12.50
Total Amount = Php 583.33
⚫B.) Php
583.33
⚫C.) Php 46.66
⚫D.) Php 653.33
SAMPLE
QUESTION 3
What kind of joint in carpentry is illustrated below?

⚫A.) Mortise & Tenon

⚫B.) Dovetail
⚫C.) Milter joint
⚫D.) Dado
MASO REV.CLASS
2022
MASO
NRY
Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks,
concrete blocks or similar materials.
It is the building of structures from individual units
laid in and bound together by mortar.
MASONRY
(BASICS)
Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of mixing
sand, cement, gravel and water.
Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water used for
binding stones, bricks, etc. or for plastering.
Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and
hardened to produce smooth surface.
Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone-like substance.
MASONRY
(BASICS)
Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone-like substance.

Two types of Cement

Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
MASONRY
(TOOLS)
Roughing up tools
Plumb bob is used in guiding the vertical position in
laying bricks
Masonry (Tools)

Water and Tube Level – use to establish level

marks in laying out masonry works
Masonry (Tools)

Crandall – tool with pointed steel pikes used for

dressing concrete.
Masonry (Tools)

Bolster – tool similar with chisel including its

services
Masonry (Tools)

Spade – basic construction tool used in mixing

concrete.
Masonry (Tools)

Float – tool with handle at the back usually made of

wood.
Masonry (Tools)
Trowel – flat tool used for applying, spreading and
shaping plaster or mortar to produce smooth finish.
MASONRY (COMMON
MATERIALS)
CHB - is the most widely used masonry material for
construction works.
Bricks – are manufactured from clay and other materials
processed into workable consistency and molded to standard sizes.
Ashlars – carefully worked and joined stone blocks laid in
parallel horizontal courses.
Rubble stone – irregular stones with good face for wall
surface.
Aggregates - the material that is bound together into a
conglomerated mass by cement and water to form concrete,
mortar or plaster.
Fine – sand
Coarse – crushed rocks, gravel .
MASONRY (MIXING
PROPO
Gravel
AA – 1 : 1½ : 3
A– 1 : 2 : 4
B– 1 : 2½ : 5
C– 1 : 3 : 6
MASONRY (STRENGTH OF
COCorrect
NCRETproportion
E) of the ingredients
Quality of the materials
Proper methods of mixing
Proper placement or depositing of the concrete
inside the form
Adequate protection during the period of curing
Finding the Quantity of Cement, Sand and
Gravel
It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B
or C)
Find the volume