QM Ichap01

Functions
The set A is called the domain of the function. It is

customary to denote a function by a letter of the alphabet,
such as the letter f.
If x is an element in the domain of a function f, then the

element in B that f associates with x is written f (x)
(read “f of x”) and is called the value of f at x.
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Functions
The set comprising all the values assumed by y = f (x) as x
takes on all possible values in its domain is called the
range of the function f.
We can also think of a function f as a mapping in which an

element x in the domain of f is mapped onto a unique
element f (x) in B (Figure 2).
The function f viewed as a mapping

Figure 2 2
How to determine function?
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Vertical Line Test
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Vertical Line Test
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In-class Exercise 1.1
Let the function f be defined by the rule f (x) = 2x2 – x + 1.
Find:
Solution:
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Exercise (make sure you do at home!)
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Determining the Domain of a Function
In this connection, you should keep in mind that (1) division
by zero is not permitted and (2) the even root of a negative
number is not a real number.
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Sketch the graph of the function with the given rule. Find
the domain and range of each function.
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Type of functions
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Type of functions
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The Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotient of Functions
In general, given the functions f and g, we define the sum

f + g, the difference f – g, the product f g, and the quotient
f /g of f and g as follows.
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Example 6
Let f(x) = and . Find the sum s, the
difference d, the product p, and the quotient q of the
functions f and g.
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The Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotient of Functions
Costs that remain more or less constant regardless of the

firm’s level of activity are called fixed costs. Examples of
fixed costs are rental fees and executive salaries.
On the other hand, costs that vary with production or sales

are called variable costs. Examples of variable costs are
wages and costs of raw materials.
The total cost of operating a business is thus given by the

sum of the variable costs and the fixed costs.
total cost = variable costs + fixed costs

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Composition of Functions
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Composition of Functions
In general, the composition of a function g with a function f
is defined as follows.
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Example 7
Let Find:
a. The rule for the composite function g  f.

b. The rule for the composite function f  g.
Solution:
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Example 8
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Example 9
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Inverse function
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Example
If f (1) = 5, f (3) = 7, and f (8) = –10, find f –1(7), f –1(5), and
f –1(–10 ).
Solution:
From the definition of f –1 we have
f –1(7) = 3 because f (3) = 7

f –1(5) = 1 because f (1) = 5
f –1(–10 ) = 8 because f (8) = –10
How about the Domain and Range? 40

Inverse function
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Example 10
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EXAMPLE 11: Find the inverse function of f (x) = x3 + 2.
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Example 12
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Exercise
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Graphs of Functions
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Graphs of Functions
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Polynomial Functions
A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, . .

. , an are constants, called the coefficients of the
polynomial function.
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Polynomial Functions - linear
A polynomial function of degree 1 (n = 1) has the form
and is an equation of a straight line in the slope-intercept

form with slope m = a1 and y-intercept b = a0. For this
reason, a polynomial function of degree 1 is called a linear
function.
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Polynomial Functions - quadratic
A polynomial function of degree 2 has the form
or, more simply, y = ax2 + bx + c, and is called a quadratic

function.
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Polynomial Functions
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.

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Some Economic Models
In a free-market economy, consumer demand for a
particular commodity depends on the commodity’s unit
price.
A demand equation expresses the relationship between

the unit price and the quantity demanded. The graph of the
demand equation is called a demand curve.
In general, the quantity demanded of a commodity

decreases as the commodity’s unit price increases, and
vice versa.
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Accordingly, a demand function defined by p =
f (x), where p measures the unit price and x A demand curve
measures the number of units of the
commodity in question, is generally
characterized as a decreasing function of x;
that is, p = f (x) decreases as x increases.
A supply function defined by p = f (x) is

generally characterized as an increasing
function of x; that is, p = f (x) increases as x
increases.
A supply curve
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Market equilibrium corresponds to

(x0, p0), the point at which the supply
and demand curves intersect.
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Applied Example 5 – Supply-Demand for Bluetooth Headsets
The demand function for a certain brand of Bluetooth

wireless headsets is given by
and the corresponding supply function is given by
where p is expressed in dollars and x is measured in units

of a thousand. Find the equilibrium quantity and price.
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Power Functions
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Rational Functions
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Example 13
Determine whether each of the following functions is even, odd, or neither even
nor odd.
(a) f (x) = x5 + x (b) g (x) = 1 – x4 (c) h (x) = 2x – x2
Solution:
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Exponential Functions and Their Graphs
Note that if b is a positive number and n is any real number,

the expression bn is a real number.
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Example 15

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Functions

The set A is called the domain of the function. It is

If x is an element in the domain of a function f, then the

We can also think of a function f as a mapping in which an

The function f viewed as a mapping

In general, given the functions f and g, we define the sum

Costs that remain more or less constant regardless of the

On the other hand, costs that vary with production or sales

The total cost of operating a business is thus given by the

total cost = variable costs + fixed costs

a. The rule for the composite function g  f.

f –1(7) = 3 because f (3) = 7

How about the Domain and Range? 40

where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, . .

and is an equation of a straight line in the slope-intercept

or, more simply, y = ax2 + bx + c, and is called a quadratic

The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.

The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.

A demand equation expresses the relationship between

In general, the quantity demanded of a commodity

A supply function defined by p = f (x) is

Market equilibrium corresponds to

The demand function for a certain brand of Bluetooth

and the corresponding supply function is given by

where p is expressed in dollars and x is measured in units

Note that if b is a positive number and n is any real number,

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