Functions

Unit 1: Functions
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able
to:
• define functions and related terms;
• determine if the given relation represents a
function;
• define piece-wise function; and
• represents real-life situations using functions,
including piece-wise functions.
Relation
A relation is a set of Example of Relations
ordered pairs. The 1. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4,
domain of a relation is 8)}
the set of first 2. {(4, 2), (4, -2), (9, 3),
coordinates. The range (9,3)}
is the set of second 3. {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c),
coordinates. (1,d)}
Functions
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain
corresponds to exactly one element of the range.
A function may be described as a nonempty set of ordered
pairs such that no two ordered pairs have the same first
element.
Examples of Functions
1. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4,
8)}
2. {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1),
Examples:
Determine if the following relations
represent a function.
1. {(q, 0), (w, 1), (e, 2), (t, 3)}
2. {(-1, -2), (0, -2), (1, -2), (2, -2)}
3. {(1, 0), (1,1), (1, 2), (1, -2)}
4. {(x, 3), (y, 4), (z, 3), (w, 4)}
Representing
Functions
1. Mapping
Functions are often described as mapping of its domain onto
its range.
Function Function
1. Mapping
Not a Function Not a Function

2. Table of Values
A table of values is a set of ordered pairs usually
resulting from substituting numbers into an equation
(relation).
EXAMPLE:
Tell whether each relation is a function or not.
a. x -5 -7 -9 -11 -13
y 1 2 3 4 5
b. Function
x 0 2 4 2 0
y -2 0 2 4 6
Not a Function
3. Graph of a Function
If a given mathematical relation is presented in a graphical
form, one can easily determine whether it is a graph of a
function by using the Vertical Line Test.
Vertical Line Test

A graph of a mathematical relation is a function if any vertical line
drawn passing through the graph intersects the graph at exactly one
point.
Examples:
Function Function Not a Function

Assessment:
From the given real life situations, identify those that are
functions.
a. relation of a godchild to godparents
b. relation of students to their Math 10 teacher
c. jeepney fare to the distance travelled
d. the length of a pendulum to the period it makes a
complete swing
Domain and
range
The definition of function does not allow an element of its
domain to have two or more corresponding elements in the
range. The definition, however, does not restrict two or more
elements in the domain to correspond to the same element in
the range.
If the domain of a function is not stated and restricted, it is

understood that the domain is the set of all real numbers, ℝ
which makes the values of the function real.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Finding the domain:
Solve the equation for y in terms of x.
i. If y is a polynomial, the domain is the set of real numbers.
ii. If y is a rational expression and contains an expression d(x) in the

denominator, the domain is the set of real numbers, except those values
of x that make d(x) equal to 0.
iii. If y contains a radical expression where n is an even natural number,

the domain is the set of real numbers that make r(x) greater than or equal
to 0.
Finding the range:
i. If x is a polynomial, the range is the set of real numbers. Exclude all
restrictions in the defining equation (where y is in terms of x), if there is
any.
ii. If x is a rational expression and contains an expression d (y) in the

denominator, the range is the set of real numbers except those values of y
that make d (y) equal to 0.
iii. If x contains a radical expression where n is an even natural number,

the range is the set of real numbers, that make r(y) greater than or equal
to 0.
Examples:
Determine the domain and range of each of the following function.

Solution:
Solve 3x-y=4 for y in terms of x.
3x-y=4
-y=-3x+4
y=3x-4
Since y is a polynomial, the domain is
Next, solve 3x-y=4 for x in terms of y.

3x-y=4
3x=y+4
x=
Since x is a polynomial without restriction, the range is
Some Types of Functions
Linear Function
A function f is a linear function if f(x) = mx + b,
where m and b are real numbers, and m and f(x) are
not both equal to zero.
Quadratic Function
A quadratic function is any equation of the form
f(x) = ax2+ bx + c where a, b, and c are real
numbers and .
Constant Function
A linear function f is a constant function if f(x) = mx +
b, where m = 0 and b is any real number. Thus, f(x) = b.
Identity Function
A linear function f is an
identity function if
f(x) = mx + b, where m
= 1 and b = 0. Thus,
f(x) = x.
Absolute Value Function

The function f is an absolute
value function if for all real
numbers x,
f(x) = x, for x ≥ 0
–x, for x ≤ 0
Piecewise Function
A piecewise function or a
compound function is a function
defined by multiple sub-functions,
where each sub-function applies to
a certain interval of the main
function's domain. A function made
up of three pieces.
Piecewise Function
Piecewise Function
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Unit 1: Functions

Not a Function Not a Function

Vertical Line Test

Function Function Not a Function

If the domain of a function is not stated and restricted, it is

i. If y is a polynomial, the domain is the set of real numbers.

ii. If y is a rational expression and contains an expression d(x) in the

iii. If y contains a radical expression where n is an even natural number,

ii. If x is a rational expression and contains an expression d (y) in the

iii. If x contains a radical expression where n is an even natural number,

Determine the domain and range of each of the following function.

Next, solve 3x-y=4 for x in terms of y.

Absolute Value Function

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