DAY-3

CHAPTER 4

T-SQL FUNCTIONS
A function performs an operation and Returns a value.
Types:
• Single Row functions (or) Scalar fns.
• Aggregate functions (or) Group functions.
Scalar Functions:
Types:
• Numeric functions
• String functions
• Date and Time functions
• System Function
• Calculating Results
• Conversion Functions
• Other Functions
Numeric Functions: of the specified value
• ABS (numeric_expression) • LOG (float_expr)
Returns Absolute value Returns natural logarithm of
• COS (float_expr) the specified value
Returns cosine value • PI ()
• SIN (float_expr) Returns the constant value
Returns sine value 3.1415926535897931
• COT (float_expr) • SIGN (numeric_expr
Returns cotangent value Returns Positive,negative or
zero
• TAN (float_expr)
• SQRT (float_expr)
Returns tangent of the angle
Returns square root of a
• EXP (float_expr)
specified value
Returns the exponential value
• RAND() rounded to the specified length or
Returns a random float number precision
between 0 and 1 • POWER (numeric_expression, Y)
• CEILING (numeric_expr) Returns the value of the given
Returns integer less than or equal to expression to the specified power
specified value Examples:
• FLOOR (numeric_expression) • SELECT ROUND (12.5, 0), ROUND
Largest integer less than or equal to (12.499, 1)
specified value • SELECT SIGN (-10), SIGN (10)
• DEGREES (numeric_expression) • SELECT POWER (5, 3)
Conversion from radians to degrees • SELECT CEILING (12.34), FLOOR
• RADIANS (numeric_expression) (12.34)
Convertion from degrees to radians. • SELECT PI ()
• ROUND (number, length, [,function])• SELECT SIN (90), COS (30), TAN (45)
Returns a numeric expression,
String function • RTRIM (char_expr)
• ASCII (char_expr) Returns data without trailing blanks
• REVERSE (char_expr)
Returns ASCII code of leftmost
character Returns the reverse of char_expr
• CHAR (integer_expr) • REPLACATE (char_expr,integer_expr)
Returns the character equivalent of Repeats the character expression a
the ascii code value. specified number of times
• CHARINDEX (‘pattern’,expression) • LEFT (char_expr,integer_expr)
Returns the starting position of the Returns part of a character string
specified pattern starting integer_expr characters from
• LOWER (char_expr) the left.
• RIGHT (char_expr,integer_expr)
Converts to lowercase
• UPPER (char_expr) Returns part of a character string
starting integer_expr characters from
Converts to uppercase
the right.
• LTRIM (char_expr)
Returns data without leading blanks
• REPLACE character_expr2)
(‘string_expression1’,’string_expression2’,’st Deletes length characters from char_expr1
ring_expression3’) A start and then insert char_expr2 into
Replaces all occurrences of the second char_expr2 at start.
given string expression in the first string Examples
expression with a third expression. • Select LOWER (empname), UPPER
• LEN (char_expr) (empname) from employee
Returns the length of character expression • Select ‘employee name: ‘+ SPACE (4),
• SUBSTRING (char_expr, start, length) empname from employee
Returns part of a character string • Select empname, SUBSTRING (empname, 1,
• Space (integer_expr) 4) from employee
Returns a string of repeated spaces • Select LEFT (‘queries’, 2), RIGHT (‘queries’,
• STR (float_expr[, length[, decimal]]) 2)
Returns character data converted from • Select STUFF (‘queries’, 2, 5, ‘1YZ’)
numeric data. • Select LEN (‘queries’)
• Length is the total length • Select REPLACE (‘queries’, ‘e’, ‘I’)
Decimal values is the number of spaces to • Select CHARINDEX (‘e’, ‘database’)
the right of the decimal point • Select CHAR (100), ASCII (‘j’)
• STUFF (character_expr1, start, length,
Date functions • DAY (date)
• DATEADD (datepart, number, date) Returns the day of the month as an
integer
Adds the number of departs to the
date • MONTH (date)
• DATEDIFF (datepart, date1, date2) Returns the month as an integer
Returns the number of datepart • YEAR (date)
between the 2 dates Returns the moth as an integer
• DATEPART (datepart, date) • ISDATE (expression)
Returns the part of the date specified Returns a value of 1 if the expression
by datepart as an integer is a valid date/time value;
• DATENAME (datepart, date) Returns a value of 0 otherwise
Returns the part of the date specified
by datepart as a character string
• GETDATE()
Returns current date and time.
• Datepart abbreviations • Select GETDATE() + 5 ‘5 days from
• Year yy, yyyy today’
• Quarter qq • Select empname, year(DOJ)
• Month mm ‘joined year from employee
• Dayofyear dy • Select * from employee WHERE
MONTH (DOJ) = 4
• Day dd
• Select DATEADD (dd, 5, getdate())
• Week wk
• Select empname, DATEDIFF (mm,
• Weekday dw
getdate(), doj) ‘years of
• Hour hh experience from employee
• Minute mi • Select empname, datename (mm,
• Second ss doj) + ‘,’+ CONVERT (char,
• Millisecond ms datepart (dd, doj)) + space (2) +
• Examples convert (char, datepart (yy, doj))
• Select GETDATE() ‘today’s date’
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS:
• Select SUM (Salary), AVG (Salary), Count (*) from employee.
• Select MAX (Salary) AS HighestSalary, MIN (Salary) AS
LowSalary from employee WHERE Deptno = 10
To Group and Summarize Data:
GROUP BY and HAVING clause:
• Select Job, MAX(Salary), MIN(Salary) from employee GROUP
BY job
• Select deptno, COUNT (*) from employee WHERE DOJ
between ‘1-APR-2002’ AND ‘1-APR-2003’ GROUP BY deptno
• Select Deptno, Count (*) AS ‘No. of Employees’ from
employee GROUP BY deptno HAVING Count (*) > 3
COMPUTE clause:
Listing total salary of all the employees
• SELECT Deptno, empid, empname, salary
FROM employee ORDER BY deptno COMPUTE
sum(salary)
Listing out total salary for each Department
• Select Deptno, empid, empname,salary FROM
employee ORDER BY Deptno COMPUTE SUM
(Salary) BY Deptno.