Physical Science

EOC Review

Marilyn Pendley, Instructor, CCCMC

Modified by R. Kittrell 1
Jan 2015 & 5Jan2016
2
Scientific Experimentation

controlled experiment
-Only one variable should be changed at a
time.
Manipulated (independent) variable –
changed by the experimenter.
Responding (dependent) variable – the effect
that is measured. 3
 Law vs. Theory
• Develop a law
– Law: Summarizes the outcome of several
experiments that occur repeatedly and
consistently.
– Example: The spoiled food served at lunch
makes people sick with a stomachache.

• Develop a theory
– Theory: Explanation for why a law exists.
– Example: It is the bacteria in the spoiled food
that makes people ill. 4
Types of Measurements

1. Length
a. The distance from one point to another
point.
b. Base unit is the meter (m).
c. Tool is the metric ruler.
2. Volume
a. The amount of space a substance occupies.
b. Base unit is the liter (L).
c. Tools: metric ruler for regular solids or
graduated cylinder for liquids.
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3. Mass
a. The amount of matter in a
substance.
b. Base unit - kilogram (kg).
c. Tool is the balance.
4. Weight
a. A measure of gravitational force on an
object.
b. Unit is the newton (N).
c. Tool is the scale.
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5. Time
a. How long an event takes to occur.
b. Unit is the second (s).
c. Tool is the clock (stopwatch).
6. Temperature
a. The amount of kinetic energy a
substance has.
b. SI unit is the Kelvin (K).
c. Tool is the thermometer.
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7. Density
a. How compacted the matter is in a
substance.
b. Units can be g/mL, g/cm3, kg/m3.
c. Density is a derived unit (it is made up
of other types of measurement).
d. D = m / v
e. Objects float if their density is less
than the density of the fluid they are in.
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Who is the Father of Atomic Theory?

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 Thomson’s Experiment:

•In Thomson’s model of the atom, the negative

charges are scattered throughout an atom filled with
a positively charged mass of matter.
•The “plum pudding” model
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What did this experiment prove?

Beam of Alpha-Particles were

REPELED by Positive Charges in the nucleus

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 Atomic Theory:
Who’s Model
of the Atom?

Neils Bohr

The Bohr Model

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 Electron Cloud
An _________ _______ is a visual model
of the most likely locations for electrons in
an atom.

www.unitedstreaming.com – Physical Science – Elements, Compounds, and Atoms

An Orbital is a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.
* An electron cloud is a good approximation of how 13
electrons behave in their orbitals.
 Lewis Dot Diagram

•An electron dot diagram uses

the symbol of the element and
dots to represent the outer level
electrons.
•Electron dot diagrams are used
also to show how the electrons
in the outer energy level are
bonded when elements combine
to form compounds.
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Atom
the smallest particle making up elements

= +
ton
Pro

ut ral
e
n =n
eutro
N

= -
r on
l ect
E

15
Atomic Structure Basics:
• Protons: positively charged
particles, weighing 1 atomic
mass unit (1.67x10-24 grams)
and located in the nucleus.
• Neutrons: neutrally charged
particles, weighing
approximately 1 atomic
mass unit and located in the
nucleus.
• Electrons: negatively
charged particles , weighing
zero atomic mass units,
located in orbitals of the
energy levels found outside
the atomic nucleus
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 Atomic Number:
• The number of protons • Play the Name the
in an atom determines Atom Game at:
what element it is. • http://www.learner.org
• Add or subtract even /interactives/periodic/b
one proton from an asics_interactive.html
atom of any element
and you no longer have
the original element in
any form. Now you have
a different element!

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Drawing an Atom of Carbon

6 Atomic # = # of p+ and # of e-

C
Carbon has 6 p+ and 6 e-

12.011
Atomic Mass minus Atomic # = # of n0

Carbon has 6 n0
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Drawing an Atom of
Carbon
e-
e-

6 p+
e- e-
6 n0

e-
e-
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 Periodic Table Basics:

Essential Question: What are Horizontal Rows called?

Answer: PERIODS
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Electron Configuration
• The “Period” number is
equal to the number of
energy levels in an atom
• Remember:
The number of
electrons are equal to
the number of protons
in a neutral atom

21
What are Groups on the Periodic Table?

Essential Question: Groups are also known as Families of Elements.

They share chemical properties. WHY?
Answer: They have the same number of outer shell electrons.
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Electron Configuration
• For Groups IA – VIII the
group numbers are
equal to the number of
outer shell electrons or
valence electrons
• Group “IA” has ONE
valence electron
• Group “IIA” has TWO
valence electrons; etc.

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Name that GROUP:
The Alkali Metals
IA = one outer shell electrons
therefore Oxidation state?
+1

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Name that GROUP:

The Alkali Earth Metals

IIA = two outer shell electrons
Oxidation state?
+2

25
Name that GROUP:
The Noble Gases
VIIIA = eight outer shell electrons (except Helium which has 2 but is FULL)
therefore Oxidation state?
NOT!

26
Name that GROUP:
The HALOGENS
The Salt Formers
VIIA = SEVEN outer shell electrons
therefore Oxidation state?
-1

27
Name that GROUP:
The Transition Metals
B series = usually 2 or 3 outer shell electrons
therefore Oxidation state?
+2 or +3

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 Criss-Cross Method
• Determine the charges/oxidation #’s for each
element.
• By criss-crossing the charges of the elements
you can easily write the chemical formula
• Example: Hydrogen + Oxygen
– H + O  IONS = H+1 + O–2
– Criss cross the oxidation #
• just the numbers - not the + / - signs
– Write the numbers as subscripts
• bottom right of symbol
 Criss Cross Method
This becomes

H+1 O-2
CrissCross the numbers
H2O1
Final: H2O
• Where is the 1 in the final formula?
 Criss-Cross Method
e-
This becomes
e-

H+1 O-2
CrissCross the numbers
H2O1
Final: H2O
• Where is the 1 in the final formula?
 Criss-Cross Method - -You Try it!
Mg + O

Ca + P

K+S

C+H

As + S

C+O
 Criss-Cross Method
You Try

1. Mg + O  Mg2O2  MgO
2. Ca + P  Ca3P2 Just like with
3. K+S  K2S Fractions in
math the
4. C+H  CH4 Numbers will

5. As + S  As2S3 reduce!

6. C+O  C2H4  CO2

 Criss-Cross & Polyatomic Ions
• Sodium + Sulfate
– Na + SO4
– Na+1 + (SO4)-2
Do the Criss-Cross
Na2(SO4)1

Final: Na2(SO4)
 Chemical Bonding:
• Three types of bonding
• Ionic Game: Ionic Bonding

• Covalent
• Metallic
Bonding Animations and short clips
AWESOME MOVIE ON BONDING

30 minutes long
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 Ionic Bonding
• Ionic Bonds: between oppositely charged
atoms; usually on opposite sides of the periodic
table (nonmetal and a metal)
• transfer electrons
• form networks, not molecules
• conduct electricity
 Covalent Bonds
• Covalent Bonds: share electrons; usually between 2
elements close on the periodic table (2 nonmetals)
– nonpolar covalent bond: e- shared equally
– polar covalent bond: e- shared unequally
 Metallic Bonding
• “sea of electrons”: electrons can “float” freely
between atoms; allows metals to conduct electricity
well
 Rules for naming and
writing chemical formulas

1. Metal name comes first

2. Change the ending of the second element to
“ide”
• If you have two nonmetals, use the prefixes:
Mono – 1 Penta - 5
Di - 2 Hexa - 6
Tri - 3 Hepta - 7
Tetra – 4 Octa - 8
39
Which of the following is the correct name
of a combination of sodium and iodine?

• a) sodium chloride

• b) sodium iodide

• c) sodium iodine

• d) iodine sodium

40
 Transition Metal Naming
• Transition metals show their charges as Roman
Numerals because they can change charge!!

FeO = Fe+2 + O-2 Fe2O3 = Fe+3 + O-2

Iron (II) Oxide Iron (III) Oxide
42
 Chemical Reactions Types

• Combustion: ALWAYS has O2 as a REACTANT!

– AB + O2 AO + BO

• Single-Replacement (single-displacement):
• AX + B A + BX

• Double-Replacement (double-displacement):
• AX + BY AY + BX

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Types of Chemical Reactions.
Type of Definition  Equation
Reaction
Two or more elements or
compounds combine to
Synthesis
make a more complex
substance A + B → AB

Compounds break down

Decomposition into simpler substances
AB → A + B

Occurs when one element

Single
replaces another one in a
Replacement AB + C → AC + B
compound

Occurs when different

Double
atoms in two different
Replacement compounds trade places AB + CD → AC + BD

A = Red B = Blue C = Green D = Yellow

 Identifying Chemical Reactions
Use colored pencils to circle the common atoms or compounds in
each equation to help you determine the type of reaction it
illustrates. Use the code below to classify each reaction.
S = Synthesis SR = Single Replacement
D = Decomposition DR = Double Replacement

____ P + O2 → P4O10 ____ Mg + O2 → MgO

____ HgO → Hg + O2 ____ Al2O3 → Al + O2

____ Cl2 + NaBr → NaCl + Br2 ____ H2 + N2 → NH3

____ Na + Br2 → NaBr ____ CuCl2 + H2 S → CuS + HCl
 

____ HgO + Cl2 → HgCl + O2 ____ C + H2 → CH4

 

____ KClO3  →   KCl  +  O 2  ____ S8 + F2 → SF6

 

____ BaCl2   +   Na2 SO4 →     NaCl   +   BaSO4

 Acids & Bases
• The strength of an acid or base depends on how many
acid or base particles dissociate into ions in water.
• Strong Acid/Base
– 100% ions in water
– strong electrolyte - +
– HCl, HNO3, NaOH, LiOH
• Weak Acid/Base
• few ions in water
• weak electrolyte
• HC2H3O2, NH3 - +

47
 pH Scale
• pH
– a measure of the concentration of H3O+ ions
in solution
– measured with a pH meter or an indicator
with a wide color range
Atomic Structure:
How many neutrons in
the following isotopes?
Hydrogen – 1
Helium – 4
Lithium – 6
Sodium – 22

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 More Isotope stuff…
Mass Number A
X Element Symbol
Atomic Number Z

1 2 3
H H (D) H (T)
1 1 1

235 238
U U
92 92
50
 Radioactive Decay

Radioactive decay results in the emission [or release] of

either:
• an alpha particle (),
• a negative beta particle (electron) (),
• a positive beta particle (positron) (),
• or a gamma ray 

In a nuclear reaction the MASS and ATOMIC NUMBER

must be the SAME on both sides of the equations
 Alpha Decay
An alpha particle is identical to that of a helium nucleus.

It contains two protons and two neutrons.

A A-4 4

Z
X Z-2
Y + 2
He
unstable atom alpha particle
more stable atom
 Beta Emission

A beta particle is a fast moving electron which is

emitted from the nucleus of an atom undergoing
radioactive decay.

Beta emission occurs when a neutron changes into a

proton and an electron.
A A 0

Z
X Z+1
Y + -1
e
proton stays beta particle
in nucleus (electron)
 Gamma Decay

• When atoms decay by emitting  or 

particles to form a new atom, the nuclei
of the new atom may still have too much
energy to be completely stable. These
unstable atoms will emit gamma rays to
release that energy.
• There is no change in mass or atomic
number
A A 0

Z
X Z
X + 0

 Decay Summary

Reaction What happens? Mass # Atomic #

Alpha Decay Lose Helium Nucleus -4 -2


Beta Decay Lose electron from nucleus No change +1
- (neutron turns into proton)

Gammy Decay Emit high energy gamma ray No change No

 and either or  particle change
 Test questions may involve
graphs like this one. The
Most common questions are:
"What is the half-life of this
element?"

Just remember, that at the end

of one half-life, 50% of the
element will remain. Find 50%
on the vertical axis. Follow the
blue line over to the red curve
and drop straight down to find
the answer:

The half-life of this element is 1 million years.

 Another common question is:
"What percent of the material
originally present will remain
after 2 million years?"

Find 2 million years on

the bottom, horizontal
axis. Then follow the
green line up to the
red curve. Go to the left
and find the answer.

After 2 million years 25% of the original material

will remain.
 Nuclear Energy Essential Questions:
• Why is it worth the
RISK??
• Tremendous
OUTPUT of
ENERGY!!
• Fission or Fusion?

•Fission! Atoms of
U-235 are split
•Use the link to see how Nuclear Fusion works:

•Fusion! Atoms are

joined or fused
together. http://science.howstuffworks.com/fusion-reactor.htm/printable

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Heat energy:
• Direction of Energy Flow?
• HOT toward COLD

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 States of Matter
• Watch what happens to molecules when
heated by doing cool virtual experiments.
• Click on the icon below to get started:

states-of-matter_en.jar

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Change of Phase
FIRST DO THIS Temperature Experiment By Clicking Here!

Phase
change

Phase
change

To Understand this Graph

CLICK HERE

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 Chemical or Physical Change?
Chemical Change Physical Change
• New substances formed • No new substances
with new properties formed
• Examples: • Examples:

• Rusting • Ice melting

• Gas forming during a • Water evaporating
reaction (bubbles) • Dry ice subliming
into Carbon dioxide
• A precipitant forming
• Salt or sugar
during a reaction dissolving in water
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CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

63
 ELEMENTS
• contain only one type of atom
• building blocks of matter
• 115 known elements today, 90 which occur
naturally
• Found on periodic table
– The first letter is always capitalized, the second
letter is always lower case
• Fluorine is F, not f
• Cobalt is Co, not CO (which is carbon monoxide)
64
Compounds

Compounds - 2 or more elements chemically

combined to form a new substance with new
properties

Properties – The way a chemical

substance looks and behaves

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 Types of Matter:

Review basics about classifying matter by following the link below.

Watch the video clips!
Make sure you scroll all the way down to the chart to test your knowledge!
www.kentchemistry.com/links/Matter/ClassifiyingMatter.htm
66
Mixtures and Pure Substances
– A mixture has unlike parts and a composition
that varies from sample to sample
• A heterogeneous mixture has physically distinct
parts with different properties.
• A homogeneous mixture is the same throughout
the sample
– Pure substances are substances with a fixed
composition

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 Matter comes in 3
phases

Solid Gas

Liquid

68
 Solid

Definite
Shape

Definite
Volume 69
 Liquid
Indefinite Shape
– takes the shape of the container

Definite Volume

70
 Gas

Indefinite
Shape – takes
the shape of the
container.

Indefinite
Volume – can
expand and can be
compressed. 71
 Plasma

• Plasma: a high energy gaseous state of matter.

• It is very unstable.
• Particles are moving extremely fast, free energy
• Most abundant phase of matter
• Only present under extremely hot/energetic situations

• Example: Sun

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 CHANGES IN STATE
States Change that required(gain) input of energy
•Melting: Solid to liquid
•Boiling: Liquid to gas
•Sublimation: Solid to gas
States Change that release (lose) energy
•Condensation: Gas to liquid
•Freezing: Liquid to solid
•Deposition: Gas to solid
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74
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Characterize the physical state and physical
behavior of a substance {appearance, smell, feel}
• Each substance has unique physical properties
• Examples
– Sulfur appears as a yellow powder
– The boiling point of water is 100 oC
– Carbon monoxide is odorless

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76
Solubility

77
78
 Where is Magnetism Concentrated?

Magnetism is strongest at the

POLES

79
Magnetic Domains :

Not aligned:

Magnetic domains
are ALIGNED in a
permanent
magnet :

80
What happens if you cut a magnet in half?

81
Electricity and Magnetism:

Electromagnetism
82
Get in line!

83
Electromagnets:
• What Happens if you
increase the number
of coils in an
electromagnet?
• The magnet gets
STRONGER!

84
Induction charging of two metal spheres:

85
86
Potential Energy:

PEgrav = mass • g • height

Too hard to remember? Use the Reference Table! 87

 Note since
Answer key: PEgrav = m *• g • h
A: PE = 40 J (since the same mass is Doubling of the height
elevated to 4/5-ths height of the
top stair) will result in a
B: PE = 30 J (since the same mass is
elevated to 3/5-ths height of the doubling of the
top stair) gravitational potential
C: PE = 20 J (since the same mass is
elevated to 2/5-ths height of the energy.
top stair)
D: PE = 10 J (since the same mass is • A tripling of the height
elevated to 1/5-ths height of the
top stair) will result in a tripling
E and F: PE = 0 J (since the same
mass is at the same zero height
of the gravitational
position as shown for the bottom potential energy.
stair

88
 Physics Portion
• Make a given table that lists the information you are
given. BE SURE to include the item you are to find!
• USE the Reference sheet! Find the equation that fits
what you have.
• Put the item you need to find on one side of the
equals sign.
• Add the other numbers and punch in the calculator.
• Double check the answer from the calculator!

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