Design of Hydraulic Circuits

Design of Hydraulic circuits
Hydraulic Valves: The Regulator

Pressure control valves
Pilot operated pressure relief valve
Pressure reducing valve
Pressure Limiting Valve
Pilot Operated sequence valve
Needle valve have smaller flow area & higher pressure drop than the
globe valve
Direction control Valve
• Definition
• Types of Valves
• Working of Valves
Direction control Valve
Direction control valve is used to control the
direction of fluid flow in a hydraulic system
Types of Direction control Valve
• Check valve
• Position valves
– 2/2 valve
– 3/2 valve
– 4/2 valve
– 4/3 valve
• Shuttle valve
Check Valve
Poppet type check valve
• Simplest type DCV, which is a two-way valve
• Purpose of check valve is to permit flow in one
direction
• Check valve has a poppet valve, which is a
specially shaped plug element held on to a
seat by a spring
• Spring holds the poppet in the closed position
• In the free flow direction, the fluid pressure
overcomes the spring force and the flow is
possible
• In the opposite direction, the fluid pressure
pushes the poppet in the closed position. So
no flow is possible
Pilot operated check valve
• This valve allows free flow in one direction
• Reversed flow is possible and it depends on
pilot actuation
FREE FLOW:
• Free flow in normal direction from port A to
port B.
• Reverse flow is blocked
PILOT FLOW:
• Reverse flow from port B to port A is made
possible by applying pilot pressure through
pilot pressure port
• Pilot pressure pushes the pilot piston & the
poppet down and there is a flow
• Drain port is to prevent pressure buidup on
pilot piston
Position valves
Valve Symbols
Valve Symbols
Actuation symbols
Actuation symbol example
Actuation Mechanisms
• Manually actuated valves
• Mechanically actuated valves
• Pilot actuated valves
• Electrical/ Solenoid actuated valves
Manually actuated valve
Mechanically actuated valves
• DCV’s can be mechanically actuated by rollers
• Roller is connected to the spool of control
valve
• When it is kept in the path of cylinder, when
the cylinder extends, it pushes the roller and
the spool position is changed
Pilot actuated valve
Pilot actuated valve
• DCV’s can also be shifted by applying air
pressure against the piston
• Normally springs hold the spool in the center
position
• By applying air pressure on right or left side,
the spool position is changed
Solenoid actuated valve
Solenoid actuated valve
• The spool position can also be changed by
using electrical solenoids
• When the electric coil is energised, armature
is pulled against push pin, which moves the
spool
• Two types – air gap solenoid, wet pin solenoid
Two position valves - 2/2 DC valve
• It consists of two ports and two positions
• It is a poppet type valve
Position 1:
• When the push button is in normal position,
the fluid pressure pushes the spring & ball up
and the valve is closed. so there is no flow
Position 2:
• When the push button Is pressed, the ball and
the spring is moved down
• The valve is opened and there is flow possible
Three position valves - 4/3 DC valve
Shuttle Valve
Shuttle valve
• It is a DCV, which has two check valves
• Also known as double check valves, are used
when control is required from more than one
power source
• It is used to shift the fluid flow from the
secondary backup pump, when the main
pump becomes inoperate
Shuttle valve
• Shuttle valve consists of floating piston or a
spring
• When the pressure on the right inlet port is
greater than the left, the piston or the spring
moves to left port and closes it
• When the pressure on the left port is high, the
piston moves and closes the right port
Shuttle valve
Accumulators
and Intensifiers
Ancillary equipments of hydraulic system
• Fluid reservoir
• Filters and strainers
• Heat exchangers (hydraulic coolers)
• Pressure gauges
• Pressure and temperature switches
• Shock absorbers
• Hydraulic piping
• Accumulators – pressure storage reservoirs
• Intensifiers – pressure boosters
Accumulators
• Accumulator – It is a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-
compressible hydraulic fluid is retained under pressure from an
external source
• Applications of accumulator
– For hydraulic shock suppression
– For fluid make-up in a closed hydraulic system
– For leakage compensation
– For source of emergency power in case of power failure
– For holding high pressures for long periods of time without
keeping the pump unit in operation
• Various types of accumulator
• Sizing of accumulator
Accumulator types
Various types of accumulator
• Weight-loaded (or dead-weight accumulators)
• Spring-loaded accumulators
• Gas-loaded accumulators
1) Non-separator type
2) Separator type
a) Piston type
b) Diaphragm type
c) Bladder type
Weight-loaded (or dead-weight
accumulators)
Weight-loaded (or dead-weight
accumulators)
Advantages
• Produce constant pressure for full stroke
• Can supply large volume of fluid under high
pressure
Disadvantages
• Heavy and expensive
• Not portable and hence cannot be used for heavy
applications
• Do not respond quickly
Spring-loaded accumulators
Spring-loaded accumulators
Advantages
• Smaller and less expensive than dead-weight type
• Easy to maintain
Disadvantages
• The pressure exerted of the is not constant
• Used mostly for low-volume and low-pressure
systems
• For high-volume and high-pressure applications,
they tend to be bulky and costly
Gas-loaded accumulators
Non-separator type
Non-separator type
Advantages
• Can handle large volume of oil
Disadvantages
• Due to absence of separator, the gas is absorbed
and entrapped in the oil
• Not suitable for high speed pump because the
entrapped gas in the oil may cause cavitation and
damage to the pump
• The absorption of gas in the oil makes the oil
compressible, and thus results in spongy
operation of hydraulic operation
Separator type-Piston type
Separator type-Piston type
Advantages
• Can handle very high of low temperature system
fluids
Disadvantages
• Pressure does not remains constant
• Expensive to manufacture
• In low-pressure application there may be a
problem of piston and seal friction
• Due to inertia of piston, these accumulators
cannot be used as shock absorbers
Separator type-Diaphragm type
Separator type-Diaphragm type
Advantages
• Has small weight-to volume ratio, which makes
more suitable for air-borne applications
Disadvantages
• Do not provide constant fluid pressure outlet
• Sometime the diaphragm materials become
incompatible with certain fire resistant and
synthetic fluids
Separator type-Bladder type
Separator type-Bladder type
Advantages
• Respond quickly to changes in the system demand
• Posses positive sealing between oil and gas
chambers
• Suitable for damping pulsations
Disadvantages
• There is a possibility of bladder failure
Accumulators Symbols
Accumulators Circuits
Applications
• Leakage compensator
• Auxiliary power source
• Emergency power source
• Hydraulic shock absorber
• Fluid make-up device
• Holding device
• Lubricant dispenser
Accumulators as Leakage compensator
Accumulators as Auxiliary power source
Accumulators as Emergency power source
Accumulators as Hydraulic shock absorber
Intensifier
• Intensifier – It is also known as pressure booster, are used to
compress the liquid in a hydraulic system to a value above the
pump discharge pressure
• In other words, it is a device which converts large-volume, low-
pressure fluid supply into a proportionately small-volume, high-
pressure outlet
• Applications of Intensifier
– Hydraulic presses
– Riveting machines
– Spot welders
Intensifier
Intensifier in Punching press application

Design of Hydraulic Circuits

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Design of Hydraulic circuits

Hydraulic Valves: The Regulator

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