I.

Introduction to Integrated Pest

Management (IPM)
What is the origin of IPM?

• 18th - 19th centuries depended on

the combination of husbandry
techniques such as rotation and
cultivation.
• The main purpose of those
practices is to maintain all
aspects of fertility including
freedom from pests.
 Integrated pest management or IPM evolved from
integrated control which was originally proposed to describe the
combination of biological and chemical controls into a holistic
pest management system.

IPM is sometimes used wrongly to describe any

combination of measures for pest control. Even the isolated use
of two or more pesticides without any analysis of need or
consideration of alternatives has been classified as IPM.
What is IPM?
“Selection, integration,
and implementation of pest
control based on predicted
economic, ecological, and
sociological consequences”.
“A comprehensive
approach to pest control that
uses combined means to
reduce the status of pests to
tolerable levels while
maintaining a quality
environment”.
 “The optimization of pest control in an
economically and ecologically sound manner,
accomplished by the coordinated use of multiple
tactics to assure stable crop production and to
maintain pest damage below the economic injury level
while minimizing risks to man and the environment”.
“A sustainable approach to manage pests by
combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical
tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and
environmental risks”. (National Coalition on IPM)
What then is IPM?
IPM is the selection, combination and execution of pest
control measures based on the anticipated effect on
people, environment and monetary resources. IPM seeks a
conglomeration of biological, chemical and physical
methods combined into a cohesive strategy designed to
provide prolonged protection.
 
What is the cardinal axiom of IPM?
 
The cardinal axiom of IPM is that one pest control
method will not be successful.
 
What is Pest Control?
• regulation or management of
a species defined as a pest, a member of the
animal kingdom that impacts adversely on
human activities.
• reduction or regulation of the population of
noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or
other animals.
• Pest control experts determine the source and
severity of the infestation and where the pests
are breeding and living. They understand the
life cycle of pests, and which natural factors
both inside and around your property might
be encouraging their growth.
 IPM vs. Pest Control
• Pest control is a treatment that should eliminate
infestation after it has already occurred, pest
management seeks to limit the survival and
reproduction of potential pests by removing sources of
water, food, and shelter.
• Pest control is typically a one-time treatment; pest
management can be ongoing to prevent pest issues
before they occur. Pest management is a valuable service
for both home and business owners who have concerns
about insects or furry animal pests in the area, and the
recurrence of infestation.
 History of IPM in the Philippines
• The Philippine Department of Agriculture through the Bureau
of Plant Industry (BPI) formally introduced IPM to educate the
farmers on the concept and practice of need-based
insecticide spraying.
• National IPM-FFS activities more formally known as the
KASALIKASAN program were first instituted as a five-year
program in 1993 to 1997 under the Department of
Agriculture. On the five-year program, it was evaluated that
the program trained 183, 829 farmers in 7,202 farmer field
schools.
• The National Crop Protection Center of UPLB was founded on
May 19, 1976 through Presidential Decree 936 placed in
cluster in 2005 and restructured in 2017.
 History of IPM in the Philippines
• Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) a government
corporate entity attached to the Department of Agriculture
created through Executive order 1061 on November 1985 as
amended to help develop high-yielding and cost-reducing
technologies for farmers.
• Under Corry Aquino’s administration, Dr. Ruben L. Villareal
was appointed as PhilRice executing officer to administer
and conduct the initial operations of the institute in March
1986. Villareal and his colleagues then drafted the seven
PhilRice program and one of them is the Integrated Pest
Management.
• The National Rodent Control Program was implemented in
1976. The program helped to control crop losses to less than
1% in annual basis in 1990.
 History of IPM in the Philippines
• Mr. Jesus Sumangil of Plant Protection Section, Bureau of Plant
Industry coordinated the National Rodent Control Program.
• Dr. Fernando Sanchez is the founding director of the National
Crop Protection Center.
• Adoption of biotech corn in the Philippines has increased
consistently every year since it was first commercialized in
2003.
• In May 2012, Greenpeace and other anti-biotech
environmentalists and politicians lodged a petition of the
Supreme Court calling the imposition of Writ of Kalikasan and
issuance of a Temporary Environmental Protection Order
(TEPO) opposed to conduct of the Bt eggplant field trials.
• Until May 17, 2013 when the Court of appeals issued a decision
of granting the petition of for a Writ of Kalikasan against the Bt
eggplant field trial.
 History of IPM in America
2500 BC
- first records of insecticides; Sumerians used sulfur
compounds to control insects and mites.
200 BC
- Romans advocated oil sprays for pest control.
300 AD
- first records of biological controls; Chinese used
predatory ants in citrus orchards to control caterpillar
and beetle pests.
 The Developmental Years (1880-1959)
1880
- first commercial spraying machine.
1881
- California approves” Act to Protect and Promote the
Horticultural Interest of the State(amendments in 1889 and 1891)
1888
- Federal Hatch Act Forms land grant Agricultural Universities First
highly successful classical biological control program importation
of vedalia beetle to control cottony- cushion scale in citrus.
1892
- Canada passes law which prohibits spraying of trees while in
bloom with chemicals harmful to bees
1903
- British Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning sets arsenical
residue limit.
 The Developmental Years (1880-1959)
1927
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration sets tolerance for export at
1/100 of a grain of arsenic trioxide on apples for import; 2.5/100
of a grain set for domestic apples with 1.05/100 objective for
1932, as modified in 1928.
1929
- Pest resurgence after massive pesticide applications
documented in Texas
1933
-100,000gUINEA Pigs published with a chapter focusing on the
hazards of arsenic and lead arsenate and lack of government
action to deal with problem.
1939
-DDT introduced and recognized as an effective insecticide
 The Developmental Years (1880-1959)
1947
- Documented the first case of pesticide resistance(common house
fly resistant to DDT)
1948
- Minimizing adverse effects on beneficial organisms by proper
selection of pesticides pioneered by A.D. pickett in Canada (Ripper,
1955)
1952
- Pesticides handbook lists 4400 trade named pesticides (1991
California registered approximately 9500 trade named pesticides)
1959
- Washington and Oregon growers use aminotriazole before
registration (aminotriazole which later causes cancer in thyroid of
rats, it was discontinued in 1987 by company), “The Cranberry
scare”
 The Early Controversy (1960-1971)
1961
- The concepts of ‘pest management’ was proposed
1962
- “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson was published
1967
- Integrated Pest Management (IPM) the term was introduced by R.F. Smith and
R. van den Bosch.
1969
- the term IPM was formalized by the US National Academy od Sciences
- National Environmental Protection Act(NEPA)
- Mark Report- a comprehensive study on pesticides and their impact
- Federal phase-out of DDT for all but “essential” uses
- America Trial Lawyers Association establishes Environmental Law Committee
1970
- The first “Earth Day” on April 22
- The United States. Environmental Protection Agency officially formed
- The number of farms set at 2, 949, 000 – a drop from 3, 018, 000 from 1945
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
 The Year 1972-1980
1972
- IPM was adopted as policy by various world governments
- IPM was formulated into national policy and it was President Richard
Nixon
directed federal agencies to take steps to advance the applications of the
IPM in all relevant sectors.
- Federal Environment Pesticides Control Act California – law to promote
pest management systems and to license pest control advisors
- Huffaker Project- USDA funds first Major IPM Research Effort
1977
- Integrated Pest Management program started in California Department
of Food and Agriculture
1979
- President jimmy Carter established an interagency IPM Coordinating
Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices.
- IPM program started at university of California (1978)
 The Year 1980-1990
1980
- National Parks service adopts IPM policy and implements IPM program
- USDA and EPA fund second national IPM research program “Adkisson
Project”
1986
- Integrated Pest Management program started in California Department of
Food and Agriculture
1987
- Approved the first release of genetically altered bacteria (strawberries in
Contra County treated with Ice-Minus)
1988
- National IPM Coalition was formed
1990
- International organization for Pesticides Resistance Management Formed
County Agriculture Commissioner’s begin reporting on IPM, Biological
control, and sustainable agriculture activities in annual crop report
 The Year 1980-1990
1992
- The International Pest Management Institute (IPMI) was founded
1993
- National Coalitions proposes “ biological Intensive” IPM
- Food processors look to IPM
- EPA starts work on policy to register “safer” pesticides
1994
- EPA Office of Pesticides Programs forms Biopesticides and
Pollution Prevention Division
- President Clinton’s memorandum to federal agencies to adopt
IPM
 The Future – 1995 and Beyond
1995
- IPM introduces a one-day workshop for Rodent Management
and the Hantavirus
- IPMI revises its IPM for schools and other public sites work
book
- IPMI works toward international markets for IPM workshops
1997
- Perry Adkisson and Ray Smith received the 1997 World Food
Price for encouraging the use of IPM
- President Carter’s Memorandum to Federal agencies to adopt
IPM strategies
 Application

IPM is used in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, human

habitations, preventive conservation and general pest
control, including structural pest management, turf pest
management and ornamental pest management.
Why is there a need for IPM?
 
There have been problems resulting from the extreme
and hazard use of pesticides. For instance, the use of
chemical insecticides to control insect pests has brought
about the following:
1. development of insect resistance to chemical
pesticides
2. increase of target pest following application of
recommended insecticide
3. evolution of non-target species into secondary pests
4. creation of health hazards by the use of insecticides
 
Basic Steps in IPM Programs

1. Analyze the pest status of each injurious

organism and establish economic thresholds for
the “real” pest
2. Devise schemes for lowering equilibrium
positions of key pests
3. During emergency situations, seek remedial
measures that cause minimum ecological
disruption
4. Devise monitoring techniques
IPM is not implemented in isolation from other
management activities; rather, it is one
component of the total crop production system
• Integrated
• Strategies
• Tactics
• Management
• Pests
What are the problems associated with the use of
pesticides?

• Economic and energy costs

• Resistance to pesticides
• Disruption of natural control
• Target pest resurgence
• Induced secondary pest outbreaks
• Human health hazards ­acute and chronic
effects ­user and consumer risks
• Environmental pollution and effects on wildlife
• Effects on pollinators
Goals of IPM (and lCM)  

• Increase Farm Profitability (increase net profit)

• Improve Environmental Quality

• Improve Public Image of Agriculture

Major Underlying Principles of IPM:

•  Management unit is the agroecosystem 

• Any pest exists at some tolerable level 

• Natural control factors regulate pest populations

and are maximized in IPM 

• Less than 100% control is desirable to leave a

permanent pest residue 
Key Components or Steps in the Implementation of IPM:

• Correct pest Identification ­

• Understanding of pest and crop dynamics ­
• Planning Preventive Strategies 
• Monitoring
• Decision making
• Selection of Optimal Pest Control Tactics 
• Implementation
• Evaluation