0.

Basic math
Taylor’s Theorem
x0  h
I  f ' ( x)dx  f ( x 0  h)  f ( x0 )
x0

change of variable x  x0  h  t
h
I   f ' ( x 0  h  t )dt
0

Integrating by parts
h
I  tf ' ( x 0  h  t ) |   tf ' ' ( x0  h  t )dt
h
0
0
h
 hf ' ( x0 )   tf ' ' ( x0  h  t ) dt
0

Continue this process we will generate an infinite series for I, we have

h2 h3 hn n
f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 )  hf ' ( x0 )  f ' ' ( x0 )  f ' ' ' ( x0 )      f ( x0 )    
2! 3! n!
example 1
2 3
x x
e x  1  x    
2! 3!
x3 x5 x2 x4
sin x  x     cos x  1    
3! 5! 2! 4!

2 3
(ix ) (ix )
eix  1  ix    
2! 3!
 x2 x4   3
x x 5

 1      i  x      cos x  i sin x
 2! 4!   3! 5! 

eix  cos x  i sin x Euler formula

Vectors & Tensors
 Einstein Summation convention
Inner product of two vectors ai and bi in 3-dimension space (e.g., cartesian coord.)
c=a  b =a1b1  a2b2  a3b3

Dummy indices Whenever an index appears twice, it implies the summation with index
through all the integer numbers. For examples, the above summation further simplifies to
3
c=a  b =a1b1  a2b2  a3b3   aibi  aibi  a jb j
i=1

Free indices
3

y1  a11 x1  a12 x2  a13 x3   a1 j x j 
j 1 
3 
y2  a21 x1  a22 x2  a23 x3   a2 j x j   yi  aij x j reprents 3 equations
j 1 
3 
y3  a31 x1  a32 x2  a33 x3   a3 j x j 
j 1 
The index j repeating twice is a dummy index, while the index i is the
identifying or free index that can have values from 1 to 3.
Vectors & Tensors
Kronecker
Delta
 1 if i j  1 if i j
ei  e j   ij 
 0 if i j  0 if i j

ei  e j   ij
A  B  (a1e1  a2e 2  a3e3 )  (b1e1  b2e 2  b3e3 )
 ai ei  b j e j  ai b j ei  e j  ai b j ij  ai bi
Vectors & Tensors
Alternating Symbol (permutation
symbol)
ε ijk  ei  (e j  e k )  0 if any two of i, j, k are equal

  1 (i, j , k )  (1,2,3) or (2,3,1) or (3,1,2)
  1 (i, j , k )  (1,3,2) or (2,1,3) or (3,2,1)


ε ijk ε klm   il jm   im jl

(fourth order tensor)
Vectors

Vector product in alternating symbol Consider the vector C

is given by C  A  B. The component of c in the ith direction
is given by

ci  ei  C  ei  ( A  B)  ei  (a je j  bk e k )
 a j bk ei  (e j  e k )   ijk a j bk

(summation over j and k. j and k are dummy indices, i is free index)

Evaluate the following expression (Einstein summation convention implied)

(1)  ij ij (2)  ijk  ijk

Vector operators ( From K.F Riley et al, p262 - )
(del ) in Cartesian coordinates is defined by
  
  i  j k .
x y z
1. Gradient of a scalar field  ( x, y, z ) is defined by
  
grad  =   i j k .
x y z

  
  
  ( ,  ,  ), and is still a vector operator.
x y z
. Geometrical properties of the gradient of a scalar field:

For an infinitesimal vector displacement dr

    
  dr   i  j k   (idx  jdy  kdz )
 x y z 
  
 dx  dy  dz  d
x y z

which is the infinitesimal change in d in going from

position r to r +dr

The maximum d appears in the case when  //dr

Pr ove that  is a vector perpendicular to the surface
 ( x, y , z )  c, where c is a constant
Let dr moves from one surface   C1 to an adjacent
surface   C2 ,
d  C2  C1  C    dr

For a given d , dr is minimum when  // dr.

For a given dr , the change in  i.e. d  is maximized
when  // dr.
 2. Divergence of a vector
field

The divergence of a vector field a( x, y, z ) is defined by

ax a y az
div a =   a    .
x y z

Where ax , a y and az are the x-, y - and z - components

of a,   a is a scalar field.
3. Curl of a vector field

i j k
  
a 
x y z
ax ay az

Any vector field a for which   a  0 is said to be irrotational.

.
 On vector operator - divergence

The divergence of a vector field u( x, y, z ) is defined by

       u x u y u z
 x y

z 
 
div u =   u   i  j +k   u x i  u y j  u z k 
 x

y

z
.

Where u x , u y and u z are the x-, y - and z - components of u, u is a scalar field.

u y x2
0
y
u x
0 u x u y
x   0
x y
x1 ( a pure rotational field
is divergence-free)
 On vector operator - curl
i j k
   u y u x
u    u  z  
x y z x y
ux uy uz

u x x2
0
y
u y
0
x

x1
u yu x
   u  z   0
x y
 A curl-free field (irrotational field)

u x x2
0
y u y
0 u y u x
u y x   u z   0
0 x y
y u x
0
x
u x u y
x1   u xy   0
x y
u  xi  yj
  u =2

  u =0
 Divergence-free fields (Pure rotational)

2 2
u y ix j u  yi  3xj u  yi  xj
u  yi  xj
  u =0   u =(0,0,-2)
 2 2
u y ix j
  u =0   u =(0,0,-2x-2y)
 2 2
u y ix j   u=(0,0,-2x-2y)
    u   0
      0
multiple products for vectors

A  (B  C)  ( A  C)B  (A  B)C
multiple products with Vector operator
     a      a    2a
2 2 2
  
2      2  2  2 (Laplacian)
x y z