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    Lec4Morbidity (Revised07)

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    Zahra Motorwala
    This document discusses measures of morbidity and terms related to morbidity such as incidence rates and prevalence rates. It explains that incidence rates measure the rate of new disease occurrence over time by counting new cases and measuring person-time at risk, while prevalence rates measure the total number or proportion of existing cases in a population at a given point in time. The document also discusses problems that can occur with numerators, denominators, and hospital data when calculating these rates.

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    Lec4Morbidity (Revised07)

    Uploaded by

    Zahra Motorwala
    26 views29 pages
    This document discusses measures of morbidity and terms related to morbidity such as incidence rates and prevalence rates. It explains that incidence rates measure the rate of new disease occurrence over time by counting new cases and measuring person-time at risk, while prevalence rates measure the total number or proportion of existing cases in a population at a given point in time. The document also discusses problems that can occur with numerators, denominators, and hospital data when calculating these rates.

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    Lec4Morbidity(Revised07)

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    This document discusses measures of morbidity and terms related to morbidity such as incidence rates and prevalence rates. It explains that incidence rates measure the rate of new disease occurrence over time by counting new cases and measuring person-time at risk, while prevalence rates measure the total number or proportion of existing cases in a population at a given point in time. The document also discusses problems that can occur with numerators, denominators, and hospital data when calculating these rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    26 views29 pages

    Lec4Morbidity (Revised07)

    Uploaded by

    Zahra Motorwala
    This document discusses measures of morbidity and terms related to morbidity such as incidence rates and prevalence rates. It explains that incidence rates measure the rate of new disease occurrence over time by counting new cases and measuring person-time at risk, while prevalence rates measure the total number or proportion of existing cases in a population at a given point in time. The document also discusses problems that can occur with numerators, denominators, and hospital data when calculating these rates.

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    Measures of Morbidity

    www.cdc.gov/mmwr

    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports


    Terms Related to Morbidity
    • Morbidity
     The extent of illness, injury or disability in a
    defined population
    • Incidence of a disease (Incidence rate)
     The number of new cases of a disease that
    occur during a specified time period
    (numerator) in a population at risk for
    developing the disease (denominator)
    • Prevalence of a disease (Prevalence rate)
     The number of total cases of disease present
    at a particular time (numerator) in a specific
    population (denominator)
    • Risk
     The likelihood that an individual will contract a
    disease
    Characteristics
    RISK PREVALENCE INCIDENCE
    RATE
    Probability of % of pop. with Rapidity of
    disease the disease disease
    occurrence
    No units No units Cases per
    person-time
    Newly Existing Newly
    diagnosed diagnosed
    “Cumulative “Incidence
    incidence” density”
    Problems with Numerators
    • Who has the disease?
    • Who to include in numerator?
    • Interview errors
    Problems with Denominator
    • Selective undercounting
    • Everyone in denominator must have
    potential to enter numerator group
    Problems with Hospital Data
    • Selective (many reasons)
    • Data may be unavailable, etc
    Incidence
    The two forms of incidence are:
    • Cumulative incidence
    • "risk of disease“
    • measures the proportion of
    persons who develop a disease in a
    known span of time
    • Incidence rate
    • "rate of disease“
    • measures the rate of new disease
    occurrence over time
    Incidence per 1000

    What’s wrong with this formula?


    Incidence Rate
    • Measures the rapidity with which newly
    diagnosed cases of the disease of interest
    develop
     observe a population
     count # of new cases
     measure net time
    • individuals in population at risk of developing disease
    • person-time
     person-years
     patient-days
    Incidence Rate (Attack Rate) (cont.)

    • Can be used for specific exposures


    • Also used for multiple exposures
    • Other terms:
    primary case
    secondary attack
    • secondary cases
    Principles of Incidence Rate
    • Estimate probability
    • Incidence kinetics
    • Seasonal variation
    • Place
    • Person
    Attack rates
    Incidence and Attack Rates
    • Primary Attack rates
    Incidence and Attack rates
    (cont’d)

    • Secondary Attack rates


    Incidence Rates
    OSHA
    Prevalence
    • Measure of the number (or proportion) of
    cases in a given population
    • What is the difference between prevalence
    and incidence?
     Prevalence  a slice thru a population at a
    given point in time that determines who has
    the disease and who does not, while Incidence
    only looks at new cases
    • In steady state situation (no change in rate
    or net population)
     Prevalence = Incidence X Duration of disease
    Prevalence
    • Point prevalence- point in time
    • Period prevalence- during a defined
    range of time
    Comparative Factors
    Affecting Prevalence Rates
    • Rates are INCREASED by
     Immigration of ill cases
     Emigration of healthy persons
     Immigration of susceptible cases or
    those with potential of becoming cases
     Prolongation of life cases w/o cure
    • Increase of duration of disease
    Increase in occurrence of new cases
    • Increase in incidence
    Comparative Factors
    Affecting Prevalence Rates
    • Rates are DECREASED by
     Immigration of healthy persons
     Emigration of ill cases
     Improved cure rate of cases
     Increased death rates from diseases
     Decrease in occurrence of new cases
     Shorter duration of disease
     Death
    Prevalence Rates
    Prevalence Rates
    (cont’d)

    • Point

    • Period
    Rates of Morbidity
    Breast Cancer Incidence in White Women and
    Distribution by Age
    Note change in slope –
    menopause??
    Case Distribution
    Spot Map of Residence Distribution of
    Rheumatic Fever Cases in Baltimore

    1960- 1977-
    1964 1981
    Sources of Morbidity Statistics
    • Clinical and hospital
    • Managed care
    • Registries
    • Vital statistics
    • Surveys
    • Disease reporting
    • Insurance and pre-paid med. care plans
    • Absenteeism records

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