Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 78 views

    EE-2310 Unit 4: Lecture 4 Grading of Underground Cables

    Uploaded by

    Prasann Katiyar
    This document discusses grading of underground cables. It defines grading as equalizing electrostatic stress in cable insulation. There are two types of grading: capacitance grading, which uses dielectrics of varying permittivity; and inter-sheath grading, which divides the insulation into layers using metallic inter-sheaths. Grading allows cables to operate at higher voltages without increasing size. It reduces the chances of dielectric failure and lowers losses at lower voltages, though inter-sheath grading has higher losses and installation challenges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    EE-2310 Unit 4: Lecture 4 Grading of Underground Cables

    Uploaded by

    Prasann Katiyar
    78 views15 pages
    This document discusses grading of underground cables. It defines grading as equalizing electrostatic stress in cable insulation. There are two types of grading: capacitance grading, which uses dielectrics of varying permittivity; and inter-sheath grading, which divides the insulation into layers using metallic inter-sheaths. Grading allows cables to operate at higher voltages without increasing size. It reduces the chances of dielectric failure and lowers losses at lower voltages, though inter-sheath grading has higher losses and installation challenges.

    Original Title

    99996458 (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses grading of underground cables. It defines grading as equalizing electrostatic stress in cable insulation. There are two types of grading: capacitance grading, which uses dielectrics of varying permittivity; and inter-sheath grading, which divides the insulation into layers using metallic inter-sheaths. Grading allows cables to operate at higher voltages without increasing size. It reduces the chances of dielectric failure and lowers losses at lower voltages, though inter-sheath grading has higher losses and installation challenges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    78 views15 pages

    EE-2310 Unit 4: Lecture 4 Grading of Underground Cables

    Uploaded by

    Prasann Katiyar
    This document discusses grading of underground cables. It defines grading as equalizing electrostatic stress in cable insulation. There are two types of grading: capacitance grading, which uses dielectrics of varying permittivity; and inter-sheath grading, which divides the insulation into layers using metallic inter-sheaths. Grading allows cables to operate at higher voltages without increasing size. It reduces the chances of dielectric failure and lowers losses at lower voltages, though inter-sheath grading has higher losses and installation challenges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 15

    EE-2310

    Unit 4: Lecture 4
    Grading of Underground Cables
    Dr. Khaliqur Rahman
    Department of Electrical Engineering,
    AMU Aligarh
    • Grading of Underground Cables is essential for uniform Electrostatic
    Stress distribution in the cable.
    • Unreliable or inconsistent Electrostatic Stress distribution in a cable is
    undesirable as it requires insulation of greater thickness which
    increases the cable size.
    • This lecture will discuss Grading of Underground Cables, its types i.e.
    Capacitance and Inter-Sheath Grading, advantages, disadvantages and
    Dielectric Stress.
    Contents
    • What is Grading of Underground Cables

    • What is Dielectric Stress in a Single-Core Cable

    • Types of Grading of Underground Cable

    • Capacitance Grading

    • Inter-Sheath Grading

    • Advantages of Grading of Underground Cables

    • Disadvantages of Grading of Underground Cables


    What is Grading of Underground Cables?
    • Grading is defined as the method of equalizing the Electrostatic Stress in the dielectric of the cable.
    • Grading makes the cable of the same size to function at operational voltage and also at higher
    voltages.
    • Grading of Underground Cable is necessary for uniform Electrostatic Stress distribution in the
    cable.
    • If the stress distribution is uneven, then there is a high chance of breakdown in outer insulation
    layer.
    • One may think that if the thickness of the insulation layer is increased, then it may prevent
    breakdown. Yes, but doing so will increase the cable size which is undesirable.
    • The mot suitable way to keep a uniform stress distribution in underground cable is Grading.
    • This is achieved using two methods of Grading namely:
    -Capacitance Grading
    -Inter-Sheath grading
    To understand the concept of Grading of Underground Cables, knowledge of Dielectric Stress
    becomes a pre-requisite.
    What is Dielectric Stress in a Single-Core Cable?
    • The maximum Electric Field or the Electrostatic Stress that an insulating material can
    withstand without losing its insulating properties is described as the Dielectric Stress.
    • It may also be defined as the maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric
    breakdown through the material.
    • It is expressed in terms of Volts per Unit Thickness. It is also a measure of Potential
    Gradient at a specific point.
    Dielectric Stress…
    From the above figure, Potential Gradient (g) at a point (x) meters
    from the center of the cable can be calculated using the equation,

    Where, Ex = Electric Intensity and by definition g = Ex

    The potential difference (V) between conductor and sheath is calculated using the equation,
    Dielectric Stress…
    By substituting the value of Q, Potential Gradient (g) is obtained as shown in the equation below. It also
    states that Potential Gradient (g) is inversely proportional to the Distance (x).

    The ratio of gmax and gmin is:

    The surface of the conductor experiences maximum variation of stress and reduces considerably for the
    layers away from the conductor. It is an important factor when designing a cable.
    Types of Grading of Underground Cable

    Grading of Underground Cables may be categorized in two types, i.e. :

     Capacitance Grading

     Inter-Sheath Grading
    Capacitance Grading
    • Capacitance Grading is achieved by using composite dielectric i.e. various layers
    of different dielectric are arranged to ensure that the Potential Gradient remains
    constant.
    • It is inversely proportional to its distance from the centre.
    • Using this, a uniform dielectric stress is maintained in the cable.
    • Generally two or three dielectrics having different Relative Permittivity is used.
    • The dielectric with highest permittivity is placed near the core of the cable and
    subsequently the other dielectric layers are arranged in the decreasing order of
    permittivity.
    Capacitance Grading…
    In the figure, the three dielectric layers have been considered whose inner radii
    is r, r1, r2 and outer diameters is d, d1, d2. The Relative Permittivity of the layers
    are ε1, ε2, ε3 respectively. If the three dielectric layers are subjected to maximum
    stress then the potential difference of the layers are:
    Capacitance Grading…
    Similarly, the potential difference across the other two layers V2, V3 are:

    The total Potential Difference between Core and the Outer Sheath is V = V 1 + V2 + V3

    We can conclude that by grading the insulation, cable works at a greater potential compared to non- graded
    cable without increasing the diameter of the cable.
    Inter-Sheath Grading
    • Inter-Sheath Grading makes use of Homogeneous Dielectric.
    • It is divided into different layers by inserting metallic Inter-Sheaths between the
    Core and Outer Sheath.
    • This provides a channel for charging current.
    • The metallic Inter-Sheaths are maintained at adequate voltage levels as they
    are connected to the Auxiliary Transformer.
    • This ensures uniform Potential Gradient throughout the dielectric of the cable.
    Inter-Sheath Grading…
    • In the figure, the three layers of Insulation are
    separated by two Inter-Sheaths at definite voltages
    ‘V1’, ‘V2’ and the Core or Conductor voltage is at ‘V’.

    • As each Inter-Sheath layer experiences different


    Potential levels it can be treated as a homogeneous
    single core cable.
    Hence the stress is calculated for each layer using the equation :

     As the Dielectric used is homogeneous the stress in each layer is equal.


     Hence, g1 max = g2 max and the voltage between the Conductor and Outer
    Sheath is V = V1 + V2

    We can conclude that all the potentials are in phase as the cable functions like three capacitors in series.
    Also, the presence of charging currents results in considerable losses in Inter-Sheath layers.
    Advantages of Grading of Underground Cables
    • Due to reduced dielectric thickness, the cable size is smaller.

    • Chances of dielectric failure is reduced in Capacitance Grading.

    • Dielectric loss is less at lower voltages.

    Disadvantages of Grading of Underground Cables


    • In Inter-Sheath Grading method, installing the sheath potentials is difficult.

    • Inter-Sheaths are prone to damage during transportation or installation.

    • Dielectric loss is more for higher voltages.


    Thanks

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy