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    Lec 8

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    Aditya Priyadarshi
    This document summarizes a lecture on various proof strategies in discrete mathematics, including: - Direct proof, where one shows the conclusion is true assuming the premise is true. Indirect proofs include proof by contrapositive, vacuous proof, and proof by contradiction. - Proof by contraposition proves a statement by showing its contrapositive is true. Proof by contradiction assumes the statement is false and arrives at a contradiction. - Vacuous proofs are based on a statement being true if its premise is false, regardless of the conclusion. - Examples of using these strategies to prove statements about integers, like if n is odd then n^2 is odd, are provided.

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    Lec 8

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Priyadarshi
    16 views11 pages
    This document summarizes a lecture on various proof strategies in discrete mathematics, including: - Direct proof, where one shows the conclusion is true assuming the premise is true. Indirect proofs include proof by contrapositive, vacuous proof, and proof by contradiction. - Proof by contraposition proves a statement by showing its contrapositive is true. Proof by contradiction assumes the statement is false and arrives at a contradiction. - Vacuous proofs are based on a statement being true if its premise is false, regardless of the conclusion. - Examples of using these strategies to prove statements about integers, like if n is odd then n^2 is odd, are provided.

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    This document summarizes a lecture on various proof strategies in discrete mathematics, including: - Direct proof, where one shows the conclusion is true assuming the premise is true. Indirect proofs include proof by contrapositive, vacuous proof, and proof by contradiction. - Proof by contraposition proves a statement by showing its contrapositive is true. Proof by contradiction assumes the statement is false and arrives at a contradiction. - Vacuous proofs are based on a statement being true if its premise is false, regardless of the conclusion. - Examples of using these strategies to prove statements about integers, like if n is odd then n^2 is odd, are provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views11 pages

    Lec 8

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Priyadarshi
    This document summarizes a lecture on various proof strategies in discrete mathematics, including: - Direct proof, where one shows the conclusion is true assuming the premise is true. Indirect proofs include proof by contrapositive, vacuous proof, and proof by contradiction. - Proof by contraposition proves a statement by showing its contrapositive is true. Proof by contradiction assumes the statement is false and arrives at a contradiction. - Vacuous proofs are based on a statement being true if its premise is false, regardless of the conclusion. - Examples of using these strategies to prove statements about integers, like if n is odd then n^2 is odd, are provided.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    NPTEL Course on Discrete Mathematics

    Lecture 8 : Proof Strategies I

    Dr. Ashish Choudhury


    IIIT Bangalore
    Lecture Overview
     Various proof strategies
     Direct proof
     Indirect proof
     Proof by contrapositive, vacuous proof, proof by contradiction
    Proof Strategies
     Several forms of theorems

     Most common proof of theorem statement:


    Prove that :
     Ex: Show that for all Integers if ….

     How to prove ?

     Show that is true for some arbitrary element in the domain


     Conclude --- Universal generalization

     Need mechanisms to prove statements of the form


    Direct Proof for Proving
     Show the conclusion to be true, assuming the premise to be true
     Show that if is an odd integer then is odd

     Let be an arbitrary odd integer 𝑂 ( 𝑛 ) (Premise)


    , for some integer

    where
    odd 𝑂 (𝑛2 ) (Conclusion)
    Indirect Proof for Proving
     The validity of is proved by other indirect mechanisms
     Proof by contrapositive
     Vacuous proof

     Proof by contradiction
     Backward reasoning

     Useful when the validity of cannot be established directly


     Ex: show that for all integer is odd, then is odd
    Proving by Contraposition
     The validity of is proved by showing that is true
     Ex: show that for all integer is odd, then is odd
     Proof by contrapositive:
     Let be an arbitrary even integer

    , for some integer

    ¿ 2 (3 𝑘+ 1 )
    where =
    is even
    Proving Vacuously
     Based on the idea that is True if is False, irrespective of
     over the set of integers: if > 1, then >

    Is true ?
     Proposition :
    if > 1, then >
    𝑇
    𝐹 𝐹
     The statement is vacuously true for
     Even though the conclusion is false for
    Proving by Contradiction
     Based on the idea that ( ) [ ]
     Theorem : For all integer is odd, then is odd

    𝑝 𝑞
     Proof by contradiction :
     Let is odd
    is evenfalse conclusion
    Some
     Let be even
     Since is even , for some integer
    ⇒ 3 𝑛+ 2=6 𝑘+ 2=2(3 𝑘+1)
    is even
    Proving a Statement by Contradiction
     To prove that is true by contradiction
     Show that ] ] is true
     ] can be true only if is true
     Theorem : show that is irrational

    ¬𝑝 Assume is rational = , GCD(a, b) = 1 𝑟

    is even, say =
    GCD(a, b) 1 ¬𝑟
    is even, say =
    References for Today’s Lecture

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