Chapter 4

Trigonometric
Functions

4.1 Angles and Radian

Measure

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Objectives:

•Recognize and use the vocabulary of angles.

•Use degree measure.
•Use radian measure.
•Convert between degrees and radians.
•Draw angles in standard position.
•Find coterminal angles.
•Find the length of a circular arc.
•Use linear and angular speed to describe motion on a
circular path.

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Angles

An angle is formed by two rays that have a common

endpoint. One ray is called the initial side and the other
the terminal side.

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Angles (continued)

An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the

origin of a rectangular coordinate system and its initial
side lies along the positive x-axis.

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Angles (continued)

When we see an initial side and a terminal side in place,

there are two kinds of rotations that could have generated
the angle.
Positive angles are generated by counterclockwise
rotation. Thus, angle  is positive. Negative angles are
generated by clockwise rotation. Thus, angle  is
negative.

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Angles (continued)

An angle is called a quadrantal angle if its terminal

side lies on the x-axis or on the y-axis. Angle  is an
example of a quadrantal angle.

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Measuring Angles Using Degrees

Angles are measured by determining the amount of

rotation from the initial side to the terminal side. A
complete rotation of the circle is 360 degrees, or 360°.
An acute angle measures less than 90°.
A right angle measures 90°.
An obtuse angle measures more than 90° but less than
180°.
A straight angle measures 180°.

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Measuring Angles Using Radians

An angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle is

called a central angle. The radian measure of any
central angle of a circle is the length of the intercepted
arc divided by the circle’s radius.

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Definition of a Radian

One radian is the measure of the central angle of a

circle that intercepts an arc equal in length to the radius
of the circle.

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Radian Measure

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Example: Computing Radian Measure

A central angle,  in a circle of radius 12 feet intercepts

an arc of length 42 feet. What is the radian measure of


s 42 feet
   3.5
r 12 feet

The radian measure of  is 3.5 radians.

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Conversion between Degrees and Radians

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Example: Converting from Degrees to Radians

Convert each angle in degrees to radians:

 radians 60 
a. 60°  60  radians  radians
180 180 3
 radians 270 3
b. 270°  270  radians  radians
180 180 2
 radians 300 5
c. –300°  300  radians   radians
180 180 3

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Example: Converting from Radians to Degrees

Convert each angle in radians to degrees:

a.  radians   radians  180

180
  45
4 4  radians 4
4 4 radians 180 4180
b.  radians    
3 3  radians 3
 240
180 6180
c. 6 radians  6 radians   343.8
 radians 

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Drawing Angles in Standard Position

The figure illustrates that when the terminal side makes

one full revolution, it forms an angle whose radian
measure is 2 . The figure shows the quadrantal angles
formed by 3/4, 1/2, and 1/4 of a revolution.

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Example: Drawing Angles in Standard Position


Draw and label the angle in standard position:   
4
y
The angle is negative. It is
obtained by rotating the terminal
Initial side side clockwise.
Vertex  1
  2
4 8
x

We rotate the terminal side

Terminal
1
side clockwise of a revolution.
8
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Example: Drawing Angles in Standard Position

3
Draw and label the angle in standard position:  
4
y
The angle is positive. It is
obtained by rotating the terminal
Initial side side counterclockwise.
Terminal 3 3
side  2
4 8
x
Vertex
We rotate the terminal side
3
counter clockwise of a revolution.
8
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Example: Drawing Angles in Standard Position

7
Draw and label the angle in standard position:   
4
Terminal y
The angle is negative. It is
side obtained by rotating the terminal
side clockwise.
7 7
  2
x 4 8

We rotate the terminal side

Initial side
Vertex 7
clockwise of a revolution.
8

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Example: Drawing Angles in Standard Position

13
Draw and label the angle in standard position:  
4
y
Vertex The angle is positive. It is
obtained by rotating the terminal
Initial side side counterclockwise.
13 13
 2
x 4 8

We rotate the terminal side

Terminal 13
side
counter clockwise of a revolution.
8
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Degree and Radian Measures of Angles Commonly Seen in
Trigonometry

In the figure below, each angle is in standard position, so

that the initial side lies along the positive x-axis.

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Positive Angles in Terms of Revolutions of the Angle’s
Terminal Side Around the Origin

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Positive Angles in Terms of Revolutions of the Angle’s
Terminal Side Around the Origin (continued)

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Coterminal Angles

Two angles with the same initial and terminal sides but
possibly different rotations are called coterminal angles.

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Example: Finding Coterminal Angles

Assume the following angles are in standard position.

Find a positive angle less than 360° that is coterminal
with each of the following:
a. a 400° angle
400° – 360° = 40°
b. a –135° angle
–135° + 360° = 225°

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Example: Finding Coterminal Angles

Assume the following angles are in standard position.

Find a positive angle less than 2 that is coterminal
with each of the following:

13 13 13 10 3

a. a angle  2   
5 5 5 5 5

   30 29
b. a  angle   2    
15 15 15 15 15

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The Length of a Circular Arc

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Example: Finding the Length of a Circular Arc

A circle has a radius of 6 inches. Find the length of the

arc intercepted by a central angle of 45°. Express arc
length in terms of  . Then round your answer to two
decimal places.
We first convert 45° to radians:
 radians 45 
45  45   radians
180 180 4
   6
s  r  (6 inches)    inches  4.71 inches.
4 4

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Definitions of Linear and Angular Speed

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Linear Speed in Terms of Angular Speed

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Example: Finding Linear Speed

Long before iPods that hold thousands of songs and play

them with superb audio quality, individual songs were
delivered on 75-rpm and 45-rpm circular records. A 45-
rpm record has an angular speed of 45 revolutions per
minute. Find the linear speed, in inches per minute, at the
point where the needle is 1.5 inches from the record’s
center.
Before applying the formula   r we must express  in
terms of radians per second:
45 revolutions 2 radians 90 radians
  
1 minute 1 revolution 1 minute
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Example: Finding Linear Speed (continued)

A 45-rpm record has an angular speed of 45 revolutions

per minute. Find the linear speed, in inches per minute,
at the point where the needle is 1.5 inches from the
record’s center.
The angular speed of the record is 90 radians per
minute. The linear speed is
90 135 in 424 in
  r  1.5 inches  
1 minute min min

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