V O C A L

SPA

• SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

• ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

JAYSON
T. VILL
ENA
 PR E -
SS E S S M E N T
A

L O W IN G M U S IC A L S Y M B O L S .
ID E N T IF Y T H E F O L
 SYMBOL #1

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SYMBOL #1

E IG H T H N O T E
SYMBOL #2

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
SYMBOL #2

SHARP
 SYMBOL #3

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SYMBOL #3

G -C L E F
OR
TREBLE CLEF
 SYMBOL #4

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
SYMBOL #4

S TA F F
 SYMBOL #5

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SYMBOL #5

T IM E S I G N AT U R E
 SYMBOL #6

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SYMBOL #6

WHOLE NOTE
 SYMBOL #7

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SYMBOL #7

HALF REST
 SYMBOL #8

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SYMBOL #8

BASS CLEF
OR
F -C L E F F
 SYMBOL #9

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SYMBOL #9

CRESCENDO
 SY M BO L # 1 0

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 SY M BO L # 1 0

F O RT IS S IM O
(V E RY L O U D )
 W H AT A M I ?

U C TIO NS
INSTR

R W IL L FL AS H QU ES TI ON S ON TH E SC RE EN .
1. TH E TE AC HE

TS HAVE TO ID EN TI FY TH E TE RM BE IN G DE SC RI BE D.
FO R EA CH QU ES TI ON , ST UD EN
2.
NG E TH E JU MB LE D LE TT ER S AS A CL UE TO AN SW ER .
3. ST UD EN TS MAY AR RA
 1.

DOELMY

IT IS T H E H O R I Z O N T A L S U C C E S S IO N O F
N O T E S W R IT T E N O R P E R F O R M E D IN A
R E C O G N IZ A B L E S H A P E .
 1.

M E LO D Y

IT IS T H E H O R I Z O N T A L S U C C E S S IO N O F
N O T E S W R IT T E N O R P E R F O R M E D IN A
R E C O G N IZ A B L E S H A P E .
 2.

DAY N C I S M

ELEMENT OF M U S IC T H A T IS R E F E R T O
LOUDNESS AND SO F T N E S S O F S O U N D .
 2.

DY NA MIC S

ELEMENT OF M U S IC T H A T IS R E F E R T O
LOUDNESS AND SO F T N E S S O F S O U N D .
 3.

MIBRET

IT IS T H E Q U A L I T Y O F M U S IC A L S O U N D S
O R V O IC E .
 3.

TIMBRE

IT IS T H E Q U A L I T Y O F M U S IC A L S O U N D S
O R V O IC E .
 4.

TIPCH

O R L O W N E S S O F T O N E .
IT IS T H E H IG H N E S S
 4.

PI T C H

O R L O W N E S S O F T O N E .
IT IS T H E H IG H N E S S
 5.

MOPET

T H E S P E E D AT W H IC H M U S IC IS P L AY E D ,
OFTEN IN D IC AT E D O N W R I T T E N
C O M P O S IT IO N S B Y A D E S C R IP T I V E O R
METRONOME MARK.
 5.

T E MP O

T H E S P E E D AT W H IC H M U S IC IS P L AY E D ,
OFTEN IN D IC AT E D O N W R I T T E N
C O M P O S IT IO N S B Y A D E S C R IP T I V E O R
METRONOME MARK.
 6.

MORF

IT IS T H E O V E R A L L S T R U C T U R E O F A
M U S IC A L C O M P O S IT IO N S .
 6.

FO R M

IT IS T H E O V E R A L L S T R U C T U R E O F A
M U S IC A L C O M P O S IT IO N S .
 7.

R O M H YAN

IT IS T H E V E RT I C A L A R R A N G E M E N T A N D
S IM U LTA N E O U S S O U N D P R O D U C T IO N O F
NOTES THA T B L E N D IN T O A C H O R D .
 7.

HA R MO NY

IT IS T H E V E RT I C A L A R R A N G E M E N T A N D
S IM U LTA N E O U S S O U N D P R O D U C T IO N O F
NOTES THA T B L E N D IN T O A C H O R D .
MUSIC SYMBOLS AND
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
1. TREBLE CLEF

G clef
Treble notes
2. BASS CLEF

F clef
Bass notes
3. STAFF

5 lines
4 spaces
4. BAR LINE

Divides staff
into measures
5. SHARP

Raise pitch by
a semitone
6. FLAT

Lower pitch by
a semitone
 TIME
7.
SIGNATURE

specifies the number of beats or

counts in each measure (or bar)
of music and which note value
represents one beat
 TIME
SIGNATURE

7.

specifies the number of beats or

counts in each measure (or bar)
of music and which note value
represents one beat
TYPES OF NOTES
AND RESTS
 TYPES OF NOTES

SEMIBREVE MINIM CROTCHET QUAVER SEMIQUAVER

Whole note Half note Quarter note Eighth note Sixteenth note
4 beats 2 beats 1 beat 1/2 beat 1/4 beat
 TYPES OF RESTS

WHOLE REST HALF REST QUARTER REST EIGHTH REST SIXTEENTH

REST

Hold 4 beats Hold 2 beats Hold 1 beat Hold 1/2 beat Hold 1/4 beat
MUSIC NOTE
VALUES whole

half

quarter

eighth

sixteenth
DOTTED NOTE

Add half the beat

value
LET’S TRY!
 # 1
t io n
ue s
Q
YE S
OR

NO?
O T E ?
T H I SAN
I S
 # 1
t io n
ue s
Q
NO!
IT IS A QUARTER
REST
O T E ?
T H I SAN
I S
 es tio n # 2
Qu

WHAT NOTE IS THIS?

 es tio n # 2
Qu

WHAT NOTE IS THIS?

EIGHTH NOTE
 Question
#3

HOW MANY BEATS DOES

THIS REST HAVE?
 Question
#3

HOW MANY BEATS DOES

THIS REST HAVE?

4 BEATS
 .
es tio n # 4
Qu

HOW MANY BEATS DOES

THIS NOTE HAVE?
 .
es tio n # 4
Qu

3 BEATS
HOW MANY BEATS DOES
THIS NOTE HAVE?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
 u es tio n # 5
Q

H O F TH E FO LL O W IN G IS A N EI G H TH RE ST ?
WHIC

A. B. C.
 u es tio n # 5
Q

H O F TH E FO LL O W IN G IS A N EI G H TH RE ST ?
WHIC

A. B. C.
 Question #6

O F TH E FO LL O W IN G IS A Q U A RT ER N O TE ?
WHICH

A. B. C.
 Question #6

O F TH E FO LL O W IN G IS A Q U A RT ER N O TE ?
WHICH

A. B. C.
TRUE OR FALSE
 Question #7

=
TRUE OR FALSE?
Question #7

=
 LET’S REVIEW

NOTES: RESTS:
WHOLE REST
WHOLE NOTE

HALF REST
HALF NOTE

QUARTER
QUARTER
REST
NOTE
EIGHTH REST
EIGHTH NOTE

SIXTEENTH REST
SIXTEENTH NOTE
ELEMENTS
OF MUSIC
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

M E LO D Y
It is the horizontal succession of notes written
or performed in a recognizable shape.

• tune of music
• flow of direction
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

M E LO D Y
HOW CAN YOU SAY WETH ER TH E SO N G IS A MA JO R MO D E O R
MAJOR MODE MINOR MODE?
• gives such a happy feeling
• suggests festivity or cheerfulness
MINOR MODE
• express sadness, loneliness
• gives a creepy and/or scary sound (or mysterious sound)
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

PI T C H
It is the highness or lowness of a sound.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

DY NA MIC S
Element of music which refers to the
loudness and softness of sound.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

DY NA MIC S
There are three basic dynamics: (1) loud, (2)
moderate loud and/or soft, and (3) soft.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

DY NA MIC S
OMMON DYNAMIC MARKINGS:
• pp (pianissimo): Very soft
• p (piano): Soft
• mp (mezzo-piano): Moderately soft
• mf (mezzo-forte): Moderately loud
• f (forte): Loud
• ff (fortissimo): Very loud
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

DY NA MIC S
• CRESCENDO : gradual increase in volume

• DECRESCENDO : gradual decrease in volume

 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

T E MP O
It is the speed at which music is played, often
indicated on written compositions by a
descriptive or metronome mark.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

T E MP O
COMMON TEMPO MARKINGS:

• Presto: Very fast • Andante: At a walking pace (moderate)

• Vivace: Lively and fast • Adagio: Slow and stately
• Allegro: Fast and cheerful • Largo: Very slow and broad
• Moderato: Moderate tempo • Grave: Extremely slow and solemn
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

RHYTHM
It refers to the pattern of beats and time
intervals in music. It is the organization of
time in music.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

TIMBRE
It is the quality of musical sounds or voice.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

TIMBRE
In terms of the voice, basically we have:
• Soprano – high female voice
• Alto – low female voice
• Tenor – high male voice
• Bass – low male voice
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

TIMBRE
The terms could help in analysing the quality of the
sound in terms of both instrumental and vocal music:
bright, dark, brassy, reedy, harsh, noisy, thin, buzzy,
pure, raspy, shrill, mellow, and strained.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

FO R M
It is the overall structure of a musical
compositions.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

HA R MO NY
It is the vertical arrangement and
simultaneous sound production of notes that
blend into a chord.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

HA R MO NY
Monophony – consists of one melodic line. Examples such
one plain voice singing a song, or one instrument played by
the instrumentalist (guitar, piano, flute etc.). Sometimes
monophony considered as solo (solo vocal and/or solo
instrument).
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

HA R MO NY
Homophony – consists of two melodic lines. Examples
such voice and piano, voice and guitar, voice and another
voice (soprano and alto, alto and tenor etc.). Sometimes
homophony considered as duet because of the nature of two
different sounds.
 O F MU S I C
E L E ME NT S

HA R MO NY
Polyphony – three or more melodic lines. Examples such ensembles
(different instruments playing different melodies) as well as the
orchestra, choral group (mixed choirs, all boys choir, church-based
choir etc.). Sometimes interpreted as trio, quartet, and quintet, tutti
(meaning “all,” such in orchestra, all musicians are playing with their
designated instruments altogether.