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Scientific Papers

This document outlines the general organization and components of a scientific paper. It discusses the title, authors, keywords, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and references sections. The title should be concise and accurately describe the paper. Authors are listed in order of their contribution. Keywords aid in indexing the paper. The abstract provides a short summary of the paper's rationale, methods, results, and conclusions in 150-250 words. The introduction provides background on the topic. Materials and methods describes how the study was conducted. Results presents key findings. Discussion interprets the results and relates them to prior work. References cite prior literature.

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21 views10 pages

Scientific Papers

This document outlines the general organization and components of a scientific paper. It discusses the title, authors, keywords, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and references sections. The title should be concise and accurately describe the paper. Authors are listed in order of their contribution. Keywords aid in indexing the paper. The abstract provides a short summary of the paper's rationale, methods, results, and conclusions in 150-250 words. The introduction provides background on the topic. Materials and methods describes how the study was conducted. Results presents key findings. Discussion interprets the results and relates them to prior work. References cite prior literature.

Uploaded by

Dahou Maria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The General Layout of a

Scientific Paper
ENGLISH CLASS
HNSRE 4th year level
What is a Scientific Paper?
• a written and published report describing original research results
presented in a certain way, as defined by tradition, editorial practice and
scientific ethics”
• An acceptable primary scientific (valid) publication must be the first
disclosure containing sufficient information to enable peers :
(1) to assess observations,
(2) to repeat experiments
(3) to evaluate intellectual processes
• Regardless of the form of publication, it must essentially be permanent.
scientific papers receive digital object identifiers (DOIs) internet
addresses that persist even if a journal’s URL changes or the journal ceases
publication.
ORGANIZATION OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
• A scientific paper is organized to meet the needs of valid publication . It
should have distinctive and clearly evident component parts.
• there is no standard or uniform style that is followed by all journals. Each
journal has its own style; but they all have their own Instructions to
Authors.
• The most common labeling of the component parts, in the basic sciences,
is the Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion logic
• Other parts of a paper include : Title, Authors, Keywords, Abstract,
Conclusions, and References. Additionally, some papers include
Acknowledgments and Appendices.
I. The Title
• It is the most read part of the paper : The way in which a paper is ‘‘browsed’’ by readers
is in the order:
Title Abstract Results (Tables and Figures) Full paper
• A good title of a research paper should:
• Contain as few words as possible: many journals limit titles to 12 words
• Be easy to understand
• Describe the contents of the paper accurately and specifically
• Avoid abbreviations, formulas, and jargon
• Not include any verb
• Not contain low-impact words such as ‘‘Some notes on …,’’ ‘‘Observations on …,’’
‘‘Investigations on ’’ ‘‘Study of …,’’ and ‘‘Effect of …’’
• Not be flashy as in newspapers
• Report the subject of the research rather than the results
• Follow the style preference of the target journal.
II. Authors
• The authors of a paper are the individuals who have made an important
contribution to planning and carrying out the research reported, and
anyone listed as an author should also have helped in the preparation of
the paper (Technicians and other helpers are usually mentioned in the
acknowledgments)
• The authors are listed in the logical order of importance of their
contribution to the work. The person listed first is considered the senior
author (unless otherwise specified); others may be listed according to
the importance of contribution to the effort. Listing authors in
alphabetical order is an old practice that is not followed by journals
anymore.
• Author line-up can be a contentious issue leading to awkward battles
and breach of the high ethical standards that scientists are expected
to uphold.

• Author names should be complete enough to ensure proper


identification, and be followed by an address including email,
presented according to the journal’s style.

• The institution to which the author was attached when the work
reported in the paper was conducted should be listed against the
author even if the author has left the institution after completing the
work (which is common for graduate students and trainees); in such
cases, the author’s current address could also be listed and properly
identified.
III. Keywords
• These are words by which the paper should be indexed by
abstracting services. Words that appear on the title should not be
repeated as keywords because titles and keywords are listed together
by abstracting services.
• Most journals allow not more than six keywords; some journals do
not allow any keywords; and some journals allow a string of several
words as keywords.
• common words such as plants, soils, models, people….. are too
general to be of any value as keywords.
IV. The abstract
• Most reports and papers will include an informative Abstract : It should be able
to stand on its own and inform the reader of your results and findings.
• well prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document
quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to
decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety’’. Therefore, it
is extremely important that the Abstract be written clearly.

• The abstract should convey the information itself, not just promise it (Luellen
2001).

• Abstracts should be informative, concise, and above all provide a summarization


of key results and discussion of those results (what is the implication of your
results). Note your aim, sum up approach briefly, and then provide results and
conclusions. An abstract is not a table of contents, a detailed account of methods,
or an introduction.. Think of it as a mini-version of the paper.
• Journals have strict limitations on the length of abstracts, usually in the
range of 150–250 words, and written in one paragraph .
• The Abstract should stand on its own, i.e., be complete in itself. It starts
with
1. a statement of rationale and objectives
2. reports the methods used,
3. the main results including any newly observed facts,
4. the principal conclusions and their significance.
• Because the Abstract is a short version of the full paper, it contains a
mixture of tenses representing the tense used in reporting the respective
sections of the paper. Thus, in the Abstract, statements referring to the
rationale and introduction, interpretation of results, and conclusions are in
present tenses, whereas materials and methods and results are in past tense.
• The Abstract should not contain:
1. Abbreviations or acronyms unless they are standard or explained
2. References to tables or figures in the paper
3. Literature citations
4. Any information or conclusion not in the paper itself
5. General statements
6. Winding and verbose sentences.
7. in order to facilitate smooth reading, excessive quantitative data
with statistical details and long strings of plant names should be
avoided in the Abstract.
Experienced writers prepare or fine-tune their title and Abstract after
the rest of the paper is written.

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