The Brain

University of Zakho
Faculty of Science
Department of Biology
The Brain
By: Ivan Yaseen M.Ali
Supervisor: Dr Raad Ramadhan

Definition
brain located in the head. Physiologically, brains exert
centralized control over a body's other organs.
Main parts of the Brain

The Brain has three main parts:
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
The cerebrum
The cerebrum, the large, outer part of the brain, controls
reading, thinking, learning, speech, emotions and planned
muscle movements like walking. It also controls vision,
hearing and other senses.
The cerebrum is divided two cerebral hemispheres (halves):
left and right. The right half controls the left side of the body.
The left half controls the right side of the body. Each
hemisphere has four sections, called lobes:
frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.
:Each lobe controls specific functions
Frontal lobe
• Personality, behavior, emotions
• Judgment, planning, problem solving
• Speech: speaking and writing (Broca's area)
• Body movement (motor strip)
• Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
Parietal lobe
• Interprets language, words
• Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
• Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and
memory
• Spatial and visual perception
Occipital lobe
• Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
Temporal lobe
• Understanding language (Wernicke's area)
• Memory
• Hearing
• Sequencing and organization
The cerebellum
The cerebellum, in the back of the brain, controls balance,
coordination and fine muscle control (e.g., walking). It also
functions to maintain posture and equilibrium.
The brain stem

The brain stem, at the bottom of the brain, connects the
cerebrum with the spinal cord. It includes the midbrain, the
pons, and the medulla. It controls fundamental body
functions such as breathing, eye movements, blood pressure,
heartbeat, and swallowing.
Human Brain vs. Animal Brain
 Self-awareness distinguishes humans from most other
species. In psychology, self-awareness is defined as
metacognition, awareness of one's own ability to think. In
humans, metacognition and other advanced cognitive
skills, such as social intelligence, planning and reasoning,
are all thought to depend on a region of the brain called
the prefrontal cortex.
But because this area serves many cognitive functions and
is well connected to the rest of the brain, the region is
probably not the sole locus of metacognition. In other
words, the prefrontal cortex may be necessary but not
sufficient for self- awareness
 Some psychologists speculate that self- awareness may

arise in animals with greater overall cognitive ability,
larger brain size or a higher degree of connectivity among
brain areas.
 The difficulties we have assessing self-awareness

demonstrate that it is a complex trait and support the
idea that no single brain area is dedicated to it.
Why Are Animals Used to Study the Brain?
 many of the basic structures and functions of the brain are
common to all animals.
 Drug therapies developed in part in animals have
revolutionized the treatment of mental illness in the last
generation. For example, chlorpromazine.
Anti-anxiety drugs that have proven of immense benefit in
treating human anxiety are developed and tested with
animals.
 Animals are used in many other kinds of behavioral
studies, Animal experiments have produced valuable
information on the effects of visual stimulation on brain
development, biofeedback techniques, memory loss,
programmed instruction in education, aggression, stress,
and recovery after strokes or brain injury.
Size Brain
organism brains vary considerably in size across adults, with
males having slightly larger brains than females. And however
some animals have largest brain than human and some other
smaller .It is hard to pin down what makes the organism brain
exceptional among mammalsnither brain size, relative brain
size nor number of neurons is unique to humans.
Does Brain size matter for intelligence?
The relationship between brain size and intelligence doesn't
have to do with actual brain weight. It has to do with the
RATIO of brain weight to the entire body weight. So the brain
takes up more weight in human beings than it does in other
animals. Intelligence also has to do with the different
components of the brain. Humans have the largest cerebral
cortex of all mammals, relative to the size of their brains. This
area houses the cerebral hemispheres, which are responsible
for higher functions like memory, communication and
thinking. Birds, fish and reptiles, in comparison, have smaller
cerebral cortexes relative to the size of their brains. So a
bigger brain doesn't necessarily mean a smarter animal
Any Question
Thank
you

The Brain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Brain

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Brain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of Zakho

Supervisor: Dr Raad Ramadhan

Main parts of the Brain

The brain stem

 Some psychologists speculate that self- awareness may

 The difficulties we have assessing self-awareness

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.