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Real Life Application of Fuzzy Logic: A Smart Traffic Light Controller

Fuzzy logic is a form of multi-valued logic that allows intermediate values between conventional evaluations like true/false. It was conceived by Lotfi Zadeh to more closely mimic human decision-making. The document describes a case study of a fuzzy logic traffic light controller that changes cycle times based on vehicle density. Testing showed the fuzzy controller allowed 31% more cars through with 5% less average wait time than a conventional controller, and 14% more cars with 14% less wait time than a human expert. Therefore, the fuzzy logic controller performed better than both a conventional controller and human expert in managing traffic flow.

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107 views19 pages

Real Life Application of Fuzzy Logic: A Smart Traffic Light Controller

Fuzzy logic is a form of multi-valued logic that allows intermediate values between conventional evaluations like true/false. It was conceived by Lotfi Zadeh to more closely mimic human decision-making. The document describes a case study of a fuzzy logic traffic light controller that changes cycle times based on vehicle density. Testing showed the fuzzy controller allowed 31% more cars through with 5% less average wait time than a conventional controller, and 14% more cars with 14% less wait time than a human expert. Therefore, the fuzzy logic controller performed better than both a conventional controller and human expert in managing traffic flow.

Uploaded by

Vamsidhar Grandhi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Real Life Application of Fuzzy Logic: A Smart Traffic Light Controller

BY N.V.BHARGAVA.G K.I.T.S WARANGAL

What is FUZZY LOGIC????


Fuzzy logic is basically a multi valued logic that allows intermediate values to be defined between conventional or crisp evaluations like yes/no, true/false, black/white etc.. Fuzzy logic can be used to control household appliances such as washing machines (which sense load size and detergent concentration and adjust their wash cycles accordingly) and refrigerators.

HISTORY OF FUZZY LOGIC!!!!!


Fuzzy logic was conceived by Lotfi Zadeh, former chairman of the electrical engineering and computer science department at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1965, while contemplating how computers could be programmed for handwriting recognition, Zadeh expanded on traditional set theory by making membership in a set a matter of degree rather than a yes-no situation.

Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh

FUZZY (vs) CRISP


YES Is water colourless?? ????? CRISP NO

Extremely honest Very honest Is Ram honest? FUZZY Honest at times Extremely dishonest

Why use fuzzy logic?????


Fuzzy Logic offers several unique features that make it a particularly good choice for many control problems. It is inherently robust Easy to modify or tweaken to improve or drastically alter system performance overall system cost and complexity low Because of the rule-based operation, any reasonable number of inputs can be processed (1-8 or more) and numerous outputs (1-4 or more) generated Fuzzy Logic can control nonlinear systems that would be difficult or impossible to model mathematically

Fuzzy sets
The very basic notion of fuzzy systems is a Fuzzy (sub) set. In classical mathematics we are familiar with what we call crisp sets.
Here is an example:. Now, let's define a subset A of X of all real-numbers in the range between 5 and 8. A = [5,8] We now show the set A by its membership function, Membership function of set A
CRISP SET FUZZY SET

STANDARD SHAPES OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS

Triangular

Trapezoidal

Gaussian

Basic operations on fuzzy sets


Let A be a fuzzy interval between 5 and 8 and B be a fuzzy number about 4.

Fuzzy rules
Fuzzy rules define fuzzy patches, which is the key idea in fuzzy logic. A machine is made smarter using a concept designed by Bart Kosko called the Fuzzy ApproximationTheorem(FAT). The FAT theorem generally states a finite number of patches can cover a curve as seen in the figure below. If the patches are large, then the rules are sloppy. If the patches are small then the rules are fine. Graphically, if the rule patches shrink, our fuzzy subset triangles get narrower.. It is math-free system

FUZZY CONTROLLER
A fuzzy controller contains three main components: Fuzzifier: Converts a crisp input from outside world into a fuzzy set so that it can be operated by the system Inference Engine: Contains a number of fuzzy logic rules called membership functions (MFs) and determines the degree of truth of the input based on these rules Defuzzifier: Converts the inference engines fuzzy output into a crisp value, which is the output of the system used for control

Case Study: Fuzzy Traffic Light Controller

This part of the report describes the design procedures of a real life application of fuzzy logic: A Smart Traffic Light Controller. The controller is suppose to change the cycle time depending upon the densities of cars behind green and red lights and the current cycle time. . Obviously, a mathematical model for this decision is enormously difficult to find. However, with fuzzy logic, it is relatively much easier.

Fuzzy Design
Eight incremental sensors are put in specific positions .the first sensor behind each traffic light counts the number of cars coming to the intersection and the latter counts number of cars. . The distance D is chosen and is used to determine the maximum density of cars allowed to wait in a very crowded situation. This is done by adding the number of cars between to paths and dividing it by the total distance. For instance, the number of cars between the East and West street is (s1-s2)+(s5-s6)/D.

Fuzzy decision process


Step 1: As before, firstly the inputs and outputs of the design has to be determined. Assuming red light is shown to both North and South streets and distance D is constant, the inputs of the model consist of: 1) Cycle Time 2) Cars behind red light 3) Cars behind green light The cars behind the light are the maximum number of cars in the two directions. The corresponding output parameter is the probability of change of the current cycle time. Once this is done, the input and output parameters are divided into overlapping member functions, each function corresponding to different levels.

Step 2
The rules, as before are formulated using a series of if-then statements, combined with AND/OR operators. Step 3 This process, also mentioned above converts the fuzzy set output to real crisp value. The method used for this system is center of gravity: Crisp Output={Sum(Membership Degree*Singleton Position)}/(Membership degree

Testing
The fuzzy controller is tested and its performance is evaluated to determine if it is the best option when compared to a conventional controller and human expert. Testing of the controller: The fuzzy controller has been tested under seven different kinds of traffic conditions: from very heavy traffic to very lean traffic. 35 random chosen car densities were grouped according to different periods of the day representing those traffic conditions

Performance evaluation!!!
The performance of the controller was compared with that of a conventional controller and a human expert. The criteria used for comparison were number of cars allowed to pass at one time and average waiting time. All three traffic controller types were compared and can be summarized with the following graph of performance index in all seven traffic categories.

Result of case study


The fuzzy controller passed through 31% more cars, with an average waiting time shorter by 5% than the theoretical minimum of the conventional controller. The performance also measured 72% higher. This was expected. However, in comparison with a human expert the fuzzy controller passed through 14% more cars with 14% shorter waiting time and 36% higher performance index.

Result: Machine beats Man!

Conclusion
FL was conceived as a better method for sorting and handling data but has proven to be a excellent choice for many control system applications since it mimics human control logic. It can be built into anything from small, hand-held products to large computerized process control systems. It uses an imprecise but very descriptive language to deal with input data more like a human operator. It is very robust and forgiving of operator. In conclusion, as Man gets hungry in finding new ways of improving our way of life, new, smarter machines must be created. Fuzzy logic provides a simple and efficient way to meet these demands and the future of it is limitless

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