DISASTER READINES AND

RISK REDUCTION
 MELC : Apply basic response
procedures during a fire incident
LESSON: Fire Hazards and Related
Concepts
Fire is one of the greatest inventions man has ever
discovered. It gives heat and produce a lot of good
outputs. It is use at home and industries. Its usefulness
could never be estimated. However, useful as it is, fires
can also cause major disasters and loss of lives.
Destructive fires often occurs in commercial buildings,
schools, hospitals and usually at home. Destructive fires
could damage millions of worth of properties and kill
numbers of people.
TOPIC 1: BASIC RESPONSE
PROCEDURES TO FIRES
• Fire becomes when it goes out of control
and spreads fast, threatening human life,
homes, and other structures.
• Crops, forest vegetation, and animals can also be
endangered particularly during dry season.
• Fire is a chemical
reaction. It is a
rapid oxidation of
fuel producing heat
and light. For fire to
occur, there must be
a presence of heat,
fuel, and oxygen.
 SAFETY MEASUREMENTS:

What you should have in

your home
1. Smoke Alarm
Install smoke alarm in
rooms, kitchen and other
living areas. It alerts you
when the fire is still in a
controllable state.
SAFETY MEASUREMENTS:

2. Fire Extinguisher
Have an ABC or ABCD
type of fire extinguisher
in the kitchen and
workshop areas. Know
how to use a fire
extinguisher.
 Basic Response Procedures :

1. If inside a burning area

A. Once you hear the fire alarm, evacuate to a safe area right away.
B. If you see fires, pull fire alarms as you exit the area. Inform other people present in the
area of the fire that is occurring.

C. If the fire is still small and can be extinguished, use an appropriate fire extinguisher
(recall the different classes of fire). Usually normal fire extinguishers do the job, but it
unavailable, buckets of water or damp cloths would do.
Note: One should only fight a fire if the fire department has been notified, the fire is small,
fire is confined to its point of origin, an escape route is available, and one can fight the fire
D. If the fire is already large and is
rapidly spreading (growth phase),
immediately find the nearest exit and exit the
area.
E. Touch doors first to check if they are warm
before opening them. If they are warm, do not
attempt to open and proceed to a different route.
F. Use the stairs not elevators.
G. Close all windows and doors that you
can reach as you exit.
H. If there is smoke, stay as low as possible.
Also, try to cover your nose to prevent
inhalation.
I. Once outside, move away from the exists
and assemble in a safe area designated by
the evacuation plan of the area or by
emergency response teams.
2. If outside a burning area.
A. Do not attempt to go inside the burning area.
B. Immediately contact the nearest fire station
and other emergency response numbers.
C. Listen and follows orders of the emergency response
teams.
D. Organize/Participate in a bucket relay is when people
help the fire fighters by passing buckets full of water
either to try to extinguish the fire or to prevent the fire
from further spreading.
3. If you catch fire, do the “stop, Drop, and roll”
right away.
4. If you are unable to leave the area unscathed
or you have suffered burns, immediately attend
to them depending on the degree of burn.
 FIRE SAFETY
Planning and infrastructures preparation in an
organization that is designed to lessen fires and
mitigate their effects is called fire safety. This
includes building fire resistant infrastructure,
planning for preventive actions, and the presence of
firefighting apparatus.
• Fire safety must be the prime consideration in
business plans as it may cause the highest risk factor
in the business or organization.
The following considered in fire safety:
 Local building code must be strictly followed
 Fire code provision on fire exits, markings, signage
and fire extinguishers should be followed
 Electrical safety codes must be followed
 Conduct regular fire risk assessments
 Flammable and hazardous materials must be stored
properly.
 Fire alarm system must be installed
 Used of up to date fire extinguishers and hydrants.
 Regularly conduct training of employees as regards
use of fire extinguishers, fire alarm, emergency
evacuation and assembly procedures.
 Conducting fire drills regularly and coordinate the
activity with the local fire department.
 The business or organization may also consider
establishing safety departments.
Risk Control – the process that involves dealing with
the risk in any situation is called risk control. It is an
act which involve in hazard management. In risk
control, the elimination of risk is the highest
consideration while personal protective equipment is
the least priority. Risk control is also known as
hazard control. Risk control is a key aspect of
keeping a safe workplace.
Risk Assessment – this is the first step toward effective risk
control. It includes identification of risks, degree of risk,
personnel at risk and determining the reasons of the
presence of risk. In controlling risks, the following may be
considered.
1. Eliminating the hazard or avoiding the
hazardous process.
2. If eliminating is not possible, reducing the risk of
hazard or hazardous process of exposure.
3. Find substitutes to the hazard or process.
4. Separate hazardous from non-hazardous material to
ensure positive control of the hazardous material or process.
5. Placed a barrier between the user and the hazard.
6. Review standard operating procedures.
7. Evaluate fire safety training programs.
Definition of terms:

1. Backdraft
phenomenon in which
fire that has
consumed all available
oxygen is made available,
usually because a door or
window is opened.
2. Flashover – rapid
transition from the growth
to fully developed stage;
materials in room ignite all
at once; tongues of flame
roll across ceiling; radiant
heat affects materials in
room, raising them to
ignition temperature.
3. Fuel load –
total amount of
potential fuel for
a fire in a given
area.
4. Ignition temperature – minimum temperature
at which substance burns.
5. Thermal layering – tendency of gases to form
into layers according to temperature (hottest gases
at the top layer, cooler gases form at the lower
layers).
6. Recall the ways on how heat is transferred
 Radiation – heat transfer through empty
space by electromagnetic waves.
 Conduction – heat transfer through a
medium without visible motion (mere
contact)
 Convection – heat transfer through a
circulating medium (usually fluids)
THANK YOU
 MELC: Follow fire
emergency and evacuation
plans
• Disasters can be avoided if proper fire
safety is practiced. The best prevention
is to eliminate fire hazards are and
what you should be done to remove
them from home, school or at work.
TOPIC 2: The Fire Drill
1. Let the learners practice the emergency and
evacuation plans.
2. Do not forget to “stop, drop, and roll” when
their clothes caught fire.
3. Let them check doors first if they are warm/hot
before opening.
Conduct the fire drill:
Conduct the fire drill:
1. Phase 1: Alarm – Fire alarms are sounded
2. Phase 2: Response – Learners will have to
be alert for fire, and smoke.
3. Phase 3: Evacuation – All building
occupants evacuate, following pre-determined
routes to the evacuation areas.
4. Phase 4: Assembly – At the
designated evacuation area, learners are grouped
together.
5. Phase 5: Head Count – Teachers should check to
make sure all participants are accounted for.
6. Phase 6: Evaluation – Evaluation of the drill is
conducted to identify problems during the drill and
how these be corrected.
THANK YOU !!!