BFT Section 4 - Timber Technology (Presentation)

Presentation on
Timber Defects and

their Treatment
104
Done by: Devauntae Miller
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

Types of Defects in Timber
The defects in timber are mainly due to:
• Natural forces
• Fungi
• During Seasoning
• During conversion
• Insects
Natural forces
• Wind cracks- If the wood is exposed continuously to the high-speed winds, the outer
surface shrinks and forms crack externally, which are called wind cracks.
• Shakes- They are nothing but cracks which separate the wood fibers partly or
completely. Different shakes are formed in different conditions as follows:
a) Ring shakes are similar to cup shakes, but they completely separate the annual rings.
b) Star shakes are formed due to extreme heat or severe frost action. They develop wider
cracks on the outside of timber from bark to the sapwood.
• Twisted Fibers- When the tree in its younger age is exposed to high-speed winds, the
fibers of wood gets twisted. This type of wood is not suitable for sawing. So, this can be
used for making poles, posts, etc.
Fungi
• Dry Rot- Dry rot is caused by a certain type of fungi that eats wood for their living. They
make food by converting timber into dry powder form. This occurs mainly when there is
no ventilation of air or if the wood improperly seasoned.
• Wet Rot- It is caused by fungi that decompose the timber and convert it into a grayish-
brown powder form. Wet rot causing fungi growths mainly when there are alternate dry
and wet conditions of timber.
• Sap Stain- When the moisture content in the timber is more than 25%, some types of
fungi attack the sapwood and make it discolored. This type of defect is known as a sap
stain.
During Seasoning
• Honeycombing- Honey combing occurs in the inner part of the timber, which cannot be
identified by just seeing. It is mainly due to stresses developed during the drying of
timber.
• Collapse- During drying, some parts of the wood may dry rapidly while some may not.
Because of this, improper drying shrinkage of wood occurs, that results in the defect
called collapse.
• Check- It is the formation of a crack in the wood, which will separate the wood fibers.
They form due to over seasoning of timber.
During conversion
• Diagonal Grain- During the conversion of timber, different cutting saws are used. The
cutting should be done properly. If there is any improper cutting by the saw, then a
diagonal grains will appear.
• Chip Mark- When the timber is cut through the planning machine, the parts of the
machine may form chip marks on it. Usually, they are indicated by chips on the finished
surface.
• Wane- The edge part of the timber log contains a rounded edge on one side because of
its original rounded surface. This rounded edge is called wane.
Insects
• Termites- Termites also known as white ants which form a colony inside the timber
and eat the core part of the timber rapidly. They do not disturb the outer layer of timber,
so one cannot identify their presence.
• Beetles- Beetles are a type of insects that destroy the sapwood of the tree and make a
tunnel-like hole from the bark. Usually, the diameter of the hole is around 2 mm. They
convert sapwood into powder form, and larvae of these beetles use these holes.
• Marine Borers- Marine borers are found near coastal areas. They do not consume
wood, but they make large holes of diameter up to 25mm in the timber to live inside it.
They excavated up to 60mm deep in the wood.
How to
• The best way to prevent defects in wood is by
seasoning it properly, this means drying and curing
the timber before use. you can also reduce the
Prevent chances of defects occurring by storing the timber
correctly and being careful when converting it into
Defects
usable pieces.
• For defects by insects, you can prevent them by
in Wood
treating the wood with insecticide before use. This
helps to keep insects away from your timber and
prevent damage caused by them.
Timber Technology
Completed by: D. Miller
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

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Presentation on

Timber Defects and

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

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