NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

FOR LOAD FLOW STUDY

BY:
PROF.J.N RAI
DTU
 NR Application to Power Flow
We first need to rewrite complex power equations
as equations with real coefficients (we've seen this earlier):

Si  Vi I *   n * n
i  Yik*Vk
  *
Vi  
i YikVk V k
 k 1  1
These can be derived by defining

Yik Gik  jBik

Vi Vi e ji  Vi
i i   k
e j  cos  j
ik 2
 Real Power Balance Equations
n n
 Pi  jQi  Vi  ikVk   Vi Vk e jik (Gik  jBik )
* *
Si Y
k k
n 1 1
(cosik  j sinik )(Gik  jBik )
 k Vi Vk
1
Resolving into the real and imaginary parts:
n

Pi  k Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi

1
n

Qi   Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )  QGi  QDi

k 1
3
Newton-Raphson Power Flow
In the Newton-Raphson power flow we use Newton's
method to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at
each bus in the power system that satisfies power balance.
We need to solve the power balance equations:
n

 Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi  0

kn1

 Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )  QGi  QDi  0

k 1

4
 Power Flow Variables
For convenience, write:
n

Pi (x)   Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )

k 1
n

Qi (x)  k1Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )

The power balance equations are then:
Pi(x)  PGi  PDi  0
Qi (x)  QGi  QDi  0

5
 Power Flow Variables
Assume the slack bus is the first bus (with a fixed
voltage angle/magnitude). We then need to
determine the voltage angle/magnitude at the other
buses.
We must solve f (x)  0, where:
 2   P2 (x)  PG2  PD2 
 
   
x   n  f (x)   Pn (x)  PGn  PDn 
V 2  Q2 (x)  QG 2  QD2
   
 V n  
Q (x)  Q 
n Gn Dn  6
 N-R Power Flow Solution
The power flow is solved using the same procedure
discussed previously for general equations:
For v  0; make an initial guess of x, x(0)
While f (x(v) )   Do

x (v1) x (v) [J(x ( v ) )]1f (x (v) )

v1


v
7
 Power Flow Jacobian Matrix

The most difficult part of the algorithm is determining

and factorizing the Jacobian matrix, J(x)
 f1 f1 f1
(x) (x)
 x1 x2 (x)
x2n2 
 f2
f2 (x) f 2 (x)
J(x)   x2 (x)
 x2n2 
x1 
f 2n2 
 f 2n2 f 2n2 (x) 
 (x) x2 (x) x2n2
x1 
8
Power Flow Jacobian Matrix,
cont’d
Jacobian elements are calculated by differentiating
each function, fi (x), with respect to each variable.
For example, if fi (x) is the bus i real power equation
n
fi (x) 
 Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi
k
1 n
fi
i (x)
 Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cos ik
k )
 1
k i
fi
(x)  Vi V j (Gij sinij  Bij cosij ) ( j 
 j
i) 9
Two Bus Newton-Raphson
Example
For the two bus power system shown below, use the
Newton-Raphson power flow to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and SBase = 100 MVA.
Line Z = 0.1j

One 1.000 pu Two 1.000 pu

0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR

Unkown: x   2 , Also, Ybus    j10 j10 

 V2  
 j10 10
 Two Bus Example, cont’d
General power balance equations:
n

 Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi  0

k n1


k 1Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )  QGi  QDi 
0 bus two, the power balance equations are
For
(load real power is 2.0 per unit,
while reactive power is 1.0 per unit):
V2 V1 (10sin2 )  2.0  0
V2 V1 (10cos2 )  V2 2 (10)  1.0  17
 Two Bus Example, cont’d
P2 (x)  2.0 V2 (10sin2 )  2.0
 V2 (10cos2 )  V2 2 (10)  1.0
(x) 1.0 the
Q2calculate
Now  power flow Jacobian

 P2 ( x) P2 
 V2
J(x)  2
 
( x) Q2 
Q 2 ( x) (x
  ) 
V2

102 V2 cos2
10sin2 
  
10 V2 2 10cos 2  20 2
sin  V 18
Two Bus Example, First Iteration
  2(0)  0
For v  0, guess x (0)
  (0)     . Calculate:
 V2  1
 V (0) (10sin (0) ) 
 
2.0   2.0
f (x(0) )   2 2
V 2(0) (10cos 2(0) )  V2 (0) 2 (10)   1.0

1.0  (0) 10sin 2(0) 

10 V2 cos
2  10 0
J(x (0)
)  (0)


10 V2(0) sin 10cos 2(0)  20 V (0) 
(0)
2

2 10
0 1 2.0 0.2 0
0 10  1.0 

  

Solve x(1)  1    0     0.9  19
Two Bus Example, Next Iterations
0.9 (10sin(0.2)) 
  0.212
 2.0
f (x )  0.9(10cos(0.2))
(1) 2 
  0.9 10   0.279
1.0
 8.82 1.986 
J(x )  
(1)

1.788 8.199
0.2  1.9861 0.212
   8.82  0.233
x(2)  
     
0.9
 1.788
 8.199  0.279  0.8586
 
0.0145
f (x (2)
) x(3)  0.236
 0.0190  0.8554
 
(3)  0.0000906 
f (x )  Close enough!
 V2  0.8554
  0.0001175 13.52
 
14
 Two Bus Solved Values
 Once the voltage angle and magnitude at bus
2 are known we can calculate all the other
system values, such as the line flows and the
generator reactive power output
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.855 pu -13.522 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR

15
Two Bus Case Low Voltage Solution
This case actually has two solutions! The
second "low voltage" is found by using a low
initial guess.
 0 
Set v  0, guess x   (0)

. Calculate:
0.25
 V (0)
(10sin  (0)
) 
2.0  2
f (x(0) )   2 2 
V 2(0) (10cos 2(0) )  V2 (0) 2 (10)   0.875
 
1.0  (0) 
10 V2 cos 2(0) 10sin2
 2.5 0
J(x (0) 
)  (0) 
10 V2(0) sin2 10cos 2(0)  20 V2  (0)  0
(0)  5
16
Low Voltage Solution, cont'd
 0  2.5 0  1 
 0.8 
Solve x  
(1)
    
0.25 2 0 5 0.875  0.075
 
(2) 1.462 (2)  1.42  (3) 0.921
f (x )  x  x  
 0.534  0.2336  0.220
   
Low voltage solution 
 
-200.0 MW
200.0
831.7 MW
MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.261 pu -49.914 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR

17
 PV Buses
 Since the voltage magnitude at PV buses is fixed there is
no need to explicitly include these voltages in x nor
write the reactive power balance equations:
– the reactive power output of the generator varies to
maintain the fixed terminal voltage (within limits),
so we can just set the reactive power product to
whatever is needed.
– An alternative is these variations/equations can be
included by just writing the explicit voltage constraint
for the generator bus:

|Vi | – Vi setpoint = 0

25
Three Bus PV Case Example
For this three bus case we have

 2  P2 (x)  PG2  PD2 

x    f
 3   P3 (x)  PG3  PD3  
(x)
V2 0  Q2 (x)  QD2 
 
Line Z = 0.1j

0.941 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -7.469 Deg

170.0 MW 200 MW
68.2 MVR 100 MVR
Line Z = 0.1j Line Z = 0.1j

Three 1.000 pu

30 MW
63 MVR
26
 PV Buses
• With Newton-Raphson, PV buses means that there
are less unknown variables we need to calculate
explicitly and less equations we need to satisfy
explicitly.
• Reactive power balance is satisfied implicitly by
choosing reactive power production to be
whatever is needed, once we have a solved case
(like real power at the slack bus).
• Contrast to Gauss iterations where PV buses
complicated the algorithm
27
Newton-Raphson Power Flow
 Advantages
– fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to
solution
– large region of convergence
 Disadvantages
– each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel
iteration
– more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
 Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in
power flow analysis.

33
THANK YOU!!