Practical Research 1

(Qualitative Research)
• What comes to your mind when
you hear the term “research
design”?
Analysis
1.What is a research design?
2.What are the different types of
qualitative research design?
3. Why should research have a research
design?
4.How to craft the research design part of
your paper?
Let’s recap!

It studies the lives of individuals

and asks one or more individuals
to provide stories about their
lives.
Let’s recap!

It studies an intact cultural group

in a natural setting over a
prolonged period of time by
collecting observational data.
Let’s recap!

It explores in depth about a

program, event, activity, process,
or one or more individuals.
Let’s recap!

It derives a general, abstract

theory of a process, action or
interaction grounded in the views
of participants.
Let’s recap!

It identifies the essence of human

experience about a phenomenon
as described by the participants.
Learning Targets:
I can….
• choose appropriate
qualitative research design
(CS_RS11- IVa-c-1)
• A method is a particular way of studying something
in order to discover new information about it or
understand it better (Cambridge Business English
Dictionary).

• A methodology is the specific procedures or

techniques used to identify, select, process, and
analyze information about a topic. In a research
paper, the methodology section allows the reader to
critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and
reliability.
 Research Design
 Is the “blue print” or
“roadmap” of the study.
It refers to the overall
strategy that you choose to
integrate the different
components of the study in a
coherent and logical way.
The purpose of the research
design is to ensure that the
data collection and
generalization methods are
suited towards specific
information.
 Qualitative research design

 phenomenology

 historical

 Case study

 Action research
 Qualitative research design

 ethnography

 Content analysis

 Grounded theory

 Meta-analysis
Phenomenological Study
This design focuses on obtaining
descriptions of the subjects’ or respondents’ lived
experiences either in writing or through
interviews. The goal of this study is to analyze the
meaning behind these experiences for each
subject, rather than generalizing to a greater
population (Donalek, 2004).
Research Title: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GENDER PREFERENCE OF
SELECT MALE STUDENTS AT DESIDERIO C. GANGE NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL
Research Design
This study employed a qualitative research design to
explore factors affecting the gender preference of the selected
participants of the study. Locke, Spirduso and Silverman (1987)
said that qualitative research understands a particular social
situation, event, role, group or interaction. Specifically, the
researchers utilized the phenomenological approach called
descriptive phenomenology. Descriptive phenomenological
research is an inductive descriptive research developed from
phenomenological philosophy. It aims to describe an experience
from the perspective of an individual (Collaizi’s, 1978 as cited by
Prieto, et al., 2017).
 Historical
This design focuses on the identification,
location, evaluation, and synthesis of data or
evidence from the past to prove assumptions. Data
in historical research may be found in printed
documents, such as official records, reports,
archives, and even diaries; or in non-textual
artifacts, such as relics, maps, pictures, and audio
visual material.
Research Title: REVEALING GUISI LIGHTHOUSE: A HISTORICAL
RESEARCH

Research Design
This qualitative study utilized the Historical Research Design.
According to Ian Clingan (2015), historical research relies on data
from the past. There is no way to manipulate it. Historical research
can often lead to present day experiments that attempt to further
explore what have occurred in the past. Historical research design is
suited in this study since the focus is to discover the history of Guisi
Lighthouse located in Guisi, Dolores, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras.
 Case Study
A case study is a comprehensive, in
depth examination of a specific individual,
group of people, or institution. It may be
used to gain insights into an obscure or
specific problem; provide background data
for broader studies; or explain socio-
psychological and socio-cultural processes.
Research Title: EXCEPTIONALLY GIFTED CHILDREN
Research Design
This study utilized the qualitative type of research since it employed Case Study
Design that examines the origin, development and school histories of 15 Australian children
who are among the most remarkably gifted young people ever to be identified and studied
in any country. Covering the first ten years of a longitudinal research project which will
trace the children through to adulthood, the study examines in detail the children’s early
lives and influences, their families and personal characteristics. More importantly, it
explores the school experiences of these remarkable children, the opportunities offered,
and more often denied, to them and the effects of their early school life on their
educational and social development—how the normal school environment can affect
exceptionally gifted children’s self-esteem, self-concept, motivation, capacity to find and
form friendships, and the children’s own attitudes towards their unusual abilities and
achievements (Gross, 2002). A case study is a research strategy and an experiential inquiry
that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case studies are based on in-
depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event to explore the causes of
underlying principles (pressacademia.org.).
 Action Research
Action research is a design which involves a cycle of
identifying a problem regarding a situation or process,
developing a strategy of intervention (the ‘action’) with
the purpose of improving said situation or process,
implementing said intervention, and observing and
analyzing the results until a sufficient level of
understanding of (or valid solution to) the problem is
achieved. In action research, the implementation of
solutions occurs as an actual part of the research process.
Research Title: EFFECTS OF PARENTING SEMINAR ON
STUDENTS’ ABSENCES
Research Design
This qualitative study utilized the action research design.
This research design is appropriate in this study since it sought to
determine the reasons of students’ frequent absences and the
effect of parenting seminar among parents of students who have
perennial problem on absenteeism. In schools, action
research refers to a wide variety of evaluative, investigative, and
analytical research methods designed to diagnose problems or
weakness- whether organizational, academic, or instructional and
help educators develop practical solutions to address them quickly
and efficiently (edglossary.org).
 Ethnography
It combines participant observation and many
of the characteristics of non-participant
observation. It attempts to obtain a holistic picture
of a group, setting, or situation. The emphasis is on
documenting or portraying the interviewing and
continuous observations. There is seldom an initial
hypothesis. The research is sustained over time.
The goal is to paint a picture that is thorough,
accurate, and vivid (Bueno, 2017).
Research Title: ORAL FOLK LITERATURE OF AETAS IN KATI-
KATI, SAN MIGUEL, JORDAN, GUIMARAS
Research Design
This study involved qualitative research. In this study, most of the
collected materials were in the form of documents. Specifically, the research
design used in this study was ethnography. This research is interactive and
requires extensive time to observe, interview and record processes as they occur
naturally at the selected location. Ethnography studies groups of people that
share a common culture.
If the interviews are lengthy, the researcher gathers documentaries by
using audiotapes or videotaped media (Prieto et al., 2017). The methodology that
was employed in the study was qualitative-textual analysis.
This involved content analysis, a research method of making references by
systematically and subjectively identifying specified characteristic within a text.
The investigation relied mainly on reflective thinking as on the researcher's own
reasoning and judgment (Parreño,2006).
 Content Analysis
This research design calls for “a detailed and
systematic examination” of the contents of a
particular body of materials for the purpose of
identifying patterns, themes or biases. This method
identifies specific characteristics of the content of
human communication.This kind of research
examines choice and use of words from which
concepts or images are vividly derived.
Research Title: RAP IS NOT POP, IF YOU CALL IT THAT THEN STOP: A
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGING THEMES IN HIPHOP
THROUGHOUT THE YEARS
Research Design
This study utilized the Content Analysis research design to determine the
changes in lyrical content of the top rap music from 1990 to 2013. Content
analysis is a research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by
interpreting and coding textual material. By systematically evaluating texts (e.g.,
documents, oral communication, and graphics), qualitative data can be converted
into quantitative data.
Although the method has been used frequently in the social sciences, only
recently has it become more prevalent among organizational scholars (Terry
College of Business, 2012).
In addition, intersectionality framework was used to identify and understand the
emergent themes.
 Content Analysis
This research design calls for “a detailed and
systematic examination” of the contents of a
particular body of materials for the purpose of
identifying patterns, themes or biases. This method
identifies specific characteristics of the content of
human communication. This kind of research
examines choice and use of words from which
concepts or images are vividly derived.
 Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is a systematic research
approach developed by two sociologists, Barney
Glaser and Anselm Strauss, in which rigorous
procedures (such as open coding- identifying,
naming, categorizing, and describing phenomena
encountered in the study, as well as their
characteristics) are used to collect data, analyze
that data, and formulate a theory on the matter at
hand.
 Meta-analysis
This design is a systematic evaluation of
multiple individual studies on a topic in order to
not only summarize the results, but also develop a
new understanding of the research problem.
This design may also be used to analyze
discrepancies in the results of individual studies,
and its own results have a bigger potential for
generalization to a greater population.
 This qualitative research study entitled
1.
“_____________________________” utilized the
2.
________ design. 3. ___________________ is 4-5.
_______________________. (Give one definition of
the research design from reliable source) According to
6.
_________________, 7. ____________________ is 8.
_______________________________. (Give another
definition from the authority in the field of research)
This design is suited to the study because 9-
10.
___________________________________________
____.
Assignment
Based on your
research title, choose
an appropriate
research design and
discuss it.