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6 Trigonometry

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


6.2 Right Triangle Trigonometry

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


Objectives
 Evaluate trigonometric functions of acute angles
and use a calculator to evaluate trigonometric
functions.

 Use the fundamental trigonometric identities.

 Use trigonometric functions to model and solve


real-life problems.

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The Six Trigonometric Functions

4
The Six Trigonometric Functions
This section introduces the trigonometric functions from a
right triangle perspective.

Consider a right triangle with one acute angle labeled , as


shown below.

5
The Six Trigonometric Functions
Relative to the angle , the three sides of the triangle are
the hypotenuse, the opposite side (the side opposite the
angle  ), and the adjacent side (the side adjacent to the
angle  ).

Using the lengths of these three sides, you can form six
ratios that define the six trigonometric functions of the
acute angle .

sine cosecant cosine secant tangent cotangent

These six functions are normally abbreviated as sin, csc,


cos, sec, tan, and cot, respectively.
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The Six Trigonometric Functions
In the following definitions, it is important to see that
0 <  < 90 ( lies in the first quadrant) and that for such
angles the value of each trigonometric function is positive.

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Example 1 – Evaluating Trigonometric Functions

Use the triangle in Figure 6.21 to find the values of the six
trigonometric functions of .

Solution:
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
(hyp)2 = (opp)2 + (adj)2, it follows that

Figure 6.21

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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

So, the six trigonometric functions of  are

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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

10
The Six Trigonometric Functions
In Example 1, you were given the lengths of two sides of
the right triangle, but not the angle .

Often, you will be asked to find the trigonometric functions


of a given acute angle . To do this, construct a right
triangle having  as one of its angles.

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The Six Trigonometric Functions
In the box, note that sin 30 = = cos 60. This occurs
because 30 and 60 are complementary angles.

In general, it can be shown from the right triangle


definitions that cofunctions of complementary angles are
equal. That is, if  is an acute angle, then the following
relationships are true.

sin(90 –  ) = cos  cos(90 –  ) = sin 

tan(90 –  ) = cot  cot(90 –  ) = tan 

sec(90 –  ) = csc  csc(90 –  ) = sec 


12
The Six Trigonometric Functions
When evaluating a trigonometric function with a calculator,
you need to set the calculator to the desired mode of
measurement (degree or radian).

Most calculators do not have keys for the cosecant, secant,


and cotangent functions.

To evaluate these functions, you can use the key with


their respective reciprocal functions, sine, cosine, and
tangent.

13
The Six Trigonometric Functions
For instance, to evaluate ,

enter the following keystroke sequence in radian mode.

Display 2.6131259

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Example 4 – Using a Calculator
Function Mode Calculator Keystrokes Display
a. sin 76.4 Degree
0.9719610

b. cot 1.5 Radian 0.0709148

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Trigonometric Identities

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Trigonometric Identities
In trigonometry, a great deal of time is spent studying
relationships between trigonometric functions (identities).

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Trigonometric Identities
Note that sin2  represents (sin  )2, cos2  represents
(cos  )2, and so on.

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Example 5 – Applying Trigonometric Identities

Let  be an acute angle such that sin  = 0.6. Find the


values of (a) cos  and (b) tan  using trigonometric
identities.

Solution:
a. To find the value of cos , use the Pythagorean identity
sin2  + cos2  = 1.
So, you have
(0.6)2 + cos2  = 1 Substitute 0.6 for sin .

cos2  = 1 – (0.6)2 Subtract (0.6)2 from each side.

cos2  = 0.64 Simplify.


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Example 5 – Solution cont’d

cos  = Extract the positive square root.

cos  = 0.8. Simplify.

b. Now, knowing the sine and cosine of , you can find the
tangent of  to be

= 0.75.

Use the definitions of cos  and


tan  and the triangle shown in
Figure 6.24 to check these results. Figure 6.24

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Applications Involving Right Triangles

21
Applications Involving Right Triangles

Many applications of trigonometry involve a process called


solving right triangles.

In this type of application, you are usually given one side of


a right triangle and one of the acute angles and are asked
to find one of the other sides, or you are given two sides
and are asked to find one of the acute angles.

In Example 8, the angle you are given is the angle of


elevation, which represents the angle from the horizontal
upward to an object.

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Applications Involving Right Triangles

In other applications you may be given the angle of


depression, which represents the angle from the horizontal
downward to an object. (See Figure 6.25.)

Figure 6.25
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Example 8 – Using Trigonometry to Solve a Right Triangle

A surveyor is standing 115 feet from the base of the


Washington Monument, as shown in figure below. The
surveyor measures the angle of elevation to the top of the
monument as 78.3. How tall is the Washington
Monument?

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Example 8 – Solution
From the figure, you can see that

where x = 115 and y is the height of the monument. So, the


height of the Washington Monument is

y = x tan 78.3

 115(4.82882)

 555 feet.

25
Applications Involving Right Triangles

By now you were able to recognize that  = 30 is the acute


angle that satisfies the equation sin  =

Suppose, however, that you were given the equation


sin  = 0.6 and were asked to find the acute angle .
Because

and
,

you might guess that  lies somewhere between 30 and


45.
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