01 - Introduction To Ai

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence
By
Budditha Hettige
Sources:
Based on “An Introduction to Multi-agent Systems” by Michael Wooldridge, John Wiley & Sons, 2002
Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach, Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
Multi-agent System, Lecture notes, Prof. A. S. Karunananda, MSc in AI
1
Overview
• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• What’s involved in Intelligence?
• History of AI
• Success Stories
• Examples
• Can Computers beat Humans?
• AI Systems in Practice
2
What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence:
– “the capacity to learn and solve problems”
– the ability to acquire and apply knowledge
and skills.
– in particular,
• the ability to solve novel problems
• the ability to act rationally
• the ability to act like humans
3
What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Build and understand intelligent entities or
agents
• Studies and develops intelligent machines
and software
4
Acting humanly: Turing test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence“
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave
intelligently?“
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game
• Suggests major components required for AI:
- knowledge representation
- reasoning,
- language/image understanding,
- learning
5
What’s involved in Intelligence?
• Ability to interact with the real world
– to perceive, understand, and act
– e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
– e.g., image understanding
– e.g., ability to take actions, have an effect
• Reasoning and Planning

– modeling the external world, given input
– solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
– ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
• Learning and Adaptation

– we are continuously learning and adapting
– our internal models are always being “updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
6
Academic Disciplines
• Mathematics
– Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
• Computer engineering
– Building fast computers
• Linguistics
– Knowledge representation, grammars
7
History of AI
• 1943: early beginnings
– McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950: Turing
– Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“
• 1956: birth of AI
– Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence“ name adopted
• 1950s: initial promise
– Early AI programs, including
– Samuel's checkers program
– Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist
• 1955-65: “great enthusiasm”
– Newell and Simon: GPS, general problem solver
– Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
– McCarthy: invention of LISP
8
History of AI
• 1966—73: Reality dawns
– Realization that many AI problems are intractable
– Limitations of existing neural network methods identified
• Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—85: Adding domain knowledge

– Development of knowledge-based systems
– Success of rule-based expert systems,
• E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN
• But were brittle and did not scale well in practice
• 1986-- Rise of machine learning

– Neural networks return to popularity
– Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications
• 1990-- Role of uncertainty

– Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation framework
• 1995-- AI as Science
– Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation
– AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc 9
Success Stories
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess
champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
• AI program proved a mathematical conjecture
(Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an
AI logistics planning and scheduling program that
involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
10
Success Stories
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a
spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than
most humans
• Robot driving: DARPA grand challenge 2003-
2007
• 2006: face recognition software available in
consumer cameras
11
Knight Rider
12
IRobot
13
HAL: from the movie 2001
• 2001: A Space Odyssey
– classic science fiction movie from 1969
• Part of the story centers around an intelligent computer

called HAL
• HAL is the “brains” of an intelligent spaceship
• in the movie, HAL can
– speak easily with the crew
– see and understand the emotions of the crew
– navigate the ship automatically
– diagnose on-board problems
– make life-and-death decisions
– display emotions
14
Consider what might be involved in building a computer like Hal….
• What are the components that might be useful?

– Fast hardware?
– Chess-playing at grandmaster level?
– Speech interaction?
• speech synthesis
• speech recognition
• speech understanding
– Image recognition and understanding ?
– Learning?
– Planning and decision-making?
15
Can we build hardware as
complex as the brain?
• How complicated is our brain?
– A neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic information processing unit
– estimated to be on the order of 10 12 neurons in a human brain
– many more synapses (10 14) connecting these neurons
– cycle time: 10 -3 seconds (1 millisecond)
• How complex can we make computers?

– 108 or more transistors per CPU
– supercomputer: hundreds of CPUs, 1012 bits of RAM
– cycle times: order of 10 - 9 seconds
• Conclusion
– YES: in the near future we can have computers with as many basic processing
elements as our brain, but with
• far fewer interconnections (wires or synapses) than the brain
• much faster updates than the brain
– But building hardware is very different from making a computer behave like a
16
brain!
Can Computers beat Humans at
Chess?
• Chess Playing is a classic AI problem
– well-defined problem
– very complex: difficult for humans to play well
3000 Deep Blue

Human World Champion
2800
2600 Deep Thought
Points Ratings
2400
2200
Ratings
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1997
• Conclusion:
– YES: today’s computers can beat even the best human 17
Can Computers Talk?
• This is known as “speech synthesis”
– translate text to phonetic form
• e.g., “fictitious” -> fik-tish-es
– use pronunciation rules to map phonemes to actual sound
• e.g., “tish” -> sequence of basic audio sounds
• Difficulties
– sounds made by this “lookup” approach sound unnatural
– sounds are not independent
• e.g., “act” and “action”
• modern systems (e.g., at AT&T) can handle this pretty well
– a harder problem is emphasis, emotion, etc
• humans understand what they are saying
• machines don’t: so they sound unnatural
• Conclusion:
– NO, for complete sentences
– YES, for individual words
18
A.L.I.C.E
• The A.L.I.C.E. AI Foundation promotes the
adoption of the A.L.I.C.E.
• Free open source software for
– chatrobots,
– chat robots
– Chatterbots
– Chatterboxes
• http://alice.pandorabots.com
19
Can Computers Recognize Speech?
• Speech Recognition:
– mapping sounds from a microphone into a list of words
– classic problem in AI, very difficult
• “Lets talk about how to wreck a nice beach”
• (I really said “________________________”)
• Recognizing single words from a small vocabulary

• systems can do this with high accuracy (order of 99%)
• e.g., directory inquiries
– limited vocabulary (area codes, city names)
– computer tries to recognize you first, if unsuccessful hands you over to a
human operator
– saves millions of dollars a year for the phone companies 20
Can Computers Understand speech?
• Understanding is different to recognition:

– “Time flies like an arrow”
• assume the computer can recognize all the words
• how many different interpretations are there?
– 1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
– 2. command: time the flies the way an arrow times the flies
– 3. command: only time those flies which are like an arrow
– 4. “time-flies” are fond of arrows
21
Can Computers Understand speech?
• Understanding is different to recognition:

– “Time flies like an arrow”
• Assume the computer can recognize all the words
• how many different interpretations are there?
– 1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
– 2. command: time the flies the way an arrow times the flies
– 3. command: only time those flies which are like an arrow
– 4. “time-flies” are fond of arrows
• only 1. makes any sense,
– but how could a computer figure this out?
– clearly humans use a lot of implicit commonsense knowledge in
communication
• Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the capabilities

22
of a computer to understand at present
Can Computers “see”?
• Recognition v. Understanding (like Speech)
– Recognition and Understanding of Objects in a scene
• look around this room
• you can effortlessly recognize objects
• human brain can map 2d visual image to 3d “map”
• Why is visual recognition a hard problem?
• Conclusion:
– mostly NO: computers can only “see” certain types of objects under limited
circumstances
– YES for certain constrained problems (e.g., face recognition) 23
AI Applications: Machine Translation
• Language problems in international business

– E.g., at a meeting of Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and
Swedish investors, no common language
– Or: you are shipping your software manuals to 127 countries
– Solution; hire translators to translate
– Would be much cheaper if a machine could do this
• How hard is automated translation

– Very difficult! e.g., English to Sinhala
– Not only must the words be translated, but their meaning also!
– Is this problem “AI-complete”?
24

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Introduction to Artificial

• Reasoning and Planning

• Learning and Adaptation

• 1969—85: Adding domain knowledge

• 1986-- Rise of machine learning

• 1990-- Role of uncertainty

• Part of the story centers around an intelligent computer

• What are the components that might be useful?

• How complex can we make computers?

3000 Deep Blue

• (I really said “________________________”)

• Recognizing single words from a small vocabulary

• Understanding is different to recognition:

• Understanding is different to recognition:

• Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the capabilities

• Why is visual recognition a hard problem?

• Language problems in international business

• How hard is automated translation

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