Water Soluble Vitamins

VITAMINS
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Session objectives: By the end of the session,
the student should be able to:
• Define the term vitamins.
• List the fat soluble and the water soluble vitamins.
• Describe the chemical structures, metabolic roles, the recommended
daily requirements the sources and the clinical feature due to
deficiency of the fat soluble vitamins.
• Describe the chemical structures, metabolic roles, the recommended
daily requirements the sources and the clinical feature due to
deficiency of the water soluble vitamins.
Definition and classification
DEFIN ITION:
• Vitamins are organic nutrients required in small quantities in the diet.
They can not be synthesized in the body.
• They are involved in metabolic processes in the human body.
• Deficiency cause diseases.
The are divided into 2 groups:
1. Fat soluble vitamins 2. Water soluble vitamins.
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
These are 2 types , the Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C.
VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These function as coenzymes in metabolic
reactions and the following are the Vitamin B complex:
1. Thiamine. 2. Riboflavin 3. Niacin 4. Pyridoxine.
5. Cobalamin 6. Folic acid 7. Biotin
8. Panthothenic acid.
1. Thiamine
1. Chemical structure:
It is made up of pyrimidine and a thiazole ring
2. Metabolic role.
It is important in carbohydrate metabolism. It forms the coenzyme
thiamine pyrophosphate( diphosphate) which is involved in
decarboxylation reactions. It is a coenzyme in reactions catalyzed by
the following enzymes:
- Pyruvate decarboxylase.
It is also one of the 5 coenzymes involved in oxidative decarboxylation reactions
catalysed by the following enzymes:
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex
- Alpha keto dehydrogenase enzyme complex.
- Branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase.
It is also involved in the Transketolase reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway.
3. Recommended daily requirements:

1mg/day
4. Sources
I) Animal source: liver, meat eggs.
II)Plant source: cereals, whole grains and legumes.
5. Deficiency
Deficiency of thiamine causes beriberi characterized neuritis and heart
failure. In chronic alcoholics thiamine deficiency causes Wernicke’s
encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis.
RIBOFLAVIN
1. Chemical structure:
It is made up 3 fused rings called the isoalloxazine ring which is attaches
to ribitol.
2. Metabolic role.
It forms the Flavin nucleotides FMN and FAD which are coenzymes in
oxidation reduction reactions. For example, FAD is a coenzyme for the
reactions catalyzed by the following FAD dependent dehydrogenases:
- succinate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle.
- Acyl dehydrogenase in the in beta oxidation.
• It is also one of the coenzyme in the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme
complex and the alpha keto- glutarate dehydrogenase enzyme
complex.
3. Recommended daily requirements
2mg/day
4. Sources. I)Animal source: liver and kidney( organ meat).
II)Plant source: cereals, whole grains and legumes.
5. Deficiency.
Riboflavin deficiency leads to angular stomatitis, dermatitis.
NIACIN
1. Chemical Structure.
It is a pyrimidine 3 carboxylic acid known as nicotinic acid. The active
from is nicotinamide the amide from of nicotinic acid.
2. Biological role.
It forms part of the structure NAD and NADP which are coenzymes
carriers of electrons in oxidation reduction
reactions.
3. Recommended Daily Requirements.
12-20mg/day
4. Sources:
i) Animal source: liver kidney,meat and fish
ii) Plant source: legumes. Nuts, whole grain.
Niacin can be synthesized from tryptophan.
1mg of niacin is produced from 6mg of tryptophan.
5. Deficiency.
It causes pellagra characterized by the 3 Ds
- dermatitis
- diarrhea
- dementia
There is also the 4th D= death.
Pellagra is precipitated by a high maize diet and alcoholism.
• PYRIDOXINE.
1. Chemical structure.
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate.
2. Metabolic role.
It forms the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate which is involved in amino acid
metabolism such as transamination and decarboxylation reactions.
It is important in heme synthesis.
It is also a coenzyme for glycogen phosphrylase.
3. Recommended Daily requirements
3mg/day
4. sources:
i). Animal source: liver kidney and muscle meat.
ii) Plant source: whole grain.
5. deficiency:
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Patients on the antibiotic isoniazid(INH) which is used for treatment of
tuberculosis requires pyridoxine supplements the prevent the patients
from developing pyridoxine deficiency. The INH forms a complex with
pyridoxine and makes it unavailable for metabolic processes.
LIPOIC ACID.
1. Chemical structure
( see structure under pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex) . Reduced form has 2
sulfuhydrly groups( -SH groups)
2. Metabolic role
It is one of the coenzymes involved in enzyme complexes like pyruvate
dehydrogenase and alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase.
3. Recommended Daily requirements: Not known
4. Sources: Not known
5. Deficiency: not described.
PANTHOTHENIC ACID
It is made up of Beta alanine and pantoic acid
2. Metabolic role
It forms part of the structure of Coenzyme A which is a carrier of acyl
groups . For example , acetate group, the fatty acyl group, succinyl
group.
10 mg/day
4. Sources
Found in most foods both animal and plannt
5. Deficiency
No deficiency diseases has been described.
BIOTIN
2. Metabolic role.
It is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions. For example in the reactions
catalysed by the following enzymes;
- acetyl CoA carboxylase- in fatty acid synthesis.
- pyruvate carboxylase- in gluconeogenesis.
3. Recommended Daily requirements.
25-50ug
4. Sources:
Animal source: live, kidney, milkand milk products
Plant source: vegetables, grains and legumes.
5. Deficiency:
It is commonly seen in people who ingest a lot of raw egg white. Egg
white contains a protein called avidin which binds biotin and makes
biotin to not be available in the body.
Deficiency causes dermatitis.
• FOLIC ACID
1. Chemical structure
It is made up of a pteridine ring to which is attached a molecule of
parabenzoic acid. And glutamate is attached to para benzoic acid.
2. Metabolic role
The active form is tetrahydrofolate which is a carrier of one carbon
units such as the methyl , methylene, formly, formimino groups.
It is involved in the synthesis of the purine thymine. The enzyme id
thymidylate synthetase.
400ug
4. Sources:
Animal source: green leafy vegetables.
Plant source: Organ meat. muscle meat, milk
5. Deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia.
• COBALAMIN( B12)
1. Chemical structure:n it is made up of a tetrapyrolle ring which has a
cobalt ion
2. Metabolic role
Metabolism of odd numbered of fatty acid where propionic CoA is
converted to succinly CoA.
4. Sources
Animal source only. Organ meat, muscle meat, eggs, milk and dairy products.
5. Deficiency
Pernicious anemia. Vegetarians are advised to increase the intake of eggs and
milk. This is due to effect of B12 on folate metabolism.
Homocysteine+ Methy THF→Methionine+ THF. This reaction requires vitamin
B12. Deficiency of Vitamin B12 makes the THF not to be available to the body
in what is called the “ Folate trap”.
Neuritis-( feeling of pins and needles) due to accumulation of methyl malonyl
CoA in the myelin sheath.

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VITAMINS

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

It is also involved in the Transketolase reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway.

3. Recommended daily requirements:

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