INFANT - Student Notes2

INDIVIDUAL
DEVELOPMENT – THE
INFANT
NURS 2510 CLIENT AND CONTEXT 1:
HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Unless otherwise cited – all photos and images included have been created by the author, been given permission to use or by unknown authors and
licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA)
At the end of the class,
students will be able to:
1. Describe the normal physical development, early motor
skills, and perceptual abilities of infants
2. Examine sleep and variation in infancy
3. Identify newborn reflexes and the purpose they serve
4. Explore the basic principles of cognitive development in
infancy using Piaget’ theory of cognitive development
5. Examine language acquisition in infancy
6. Describe the significance of attachment in human
development
7. Differentiate between various attachment qualities
Topics and/or Exemplars: Sleep and Attachment
Picture – Stock Photo

Why is this info
important for you/the
becoming nurse?
• Unparalleled growth in the first

year
• Milestones – What are potential
benefits and challenges to
having standardized
development milestones of
infancy?
• Developmental milestones are
specific skill attainments
occurring in a predictable
sequence over time, reflecting
the interaction of the child’s
developing neurological system
with the environment
Review of
Pre learning
Physical Changes: Body systems
The Brain and Nervous system:

Synaptogenesis, Synaptic Pruning,
Neuroplasticity, Myelinization.
Reflexes: Adaptive Reflexes and Primitive

Reflexes- Why Do Primitive Reflexes
Disappear?
Motor Development
Sensory Skills
Cognitive Development: Language Acquisition
Psychosocial Development
Self concept
Case Study
How does developmental theory
help us to understand case study?
“Erikson’s “trust versus mistrust”
• Major Question: "Can I trust the people around me?"
• Trust: believing in parents/caregivers, trusting the world
is safe, knowing needs will be met
• Piaget "Sensorimotor stage"
• Caregivers need to take an active mentoring role
• Children imitate and learn from their peers and
caregivers
• Engaging the child in play "peek-a-boo"
• Teachings of joy, love, and happiness. Time for bonding,
learning and nurturing
Babies • Healthy Baby Development
• Family and Communities
- Indigenous • Naming Ceremony
Teachings • Dependence
• Development of Trust
• Help Transition New Parents
• Baby Wellness
A Child Becomes Strong
Attachment
• The emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant,
from which the child derives security
• Attachment Theory:
• the view that the ability and need to form an attachment
relationship early in life and genetic characteristics of all human
beings
• According to Bowlby, infants create internal models
related to their relationships by age 5
• The majority of parents manage to respond to their infants
in ways that foster the development of a close relationship
• It is important to look at both sides of the relationship
equation
Attachment
• Attachment Behaviours
• Stranger anxiety
• Separation anxiety
• Social referencing
• Types of Attachment
• Secure attachment – most common in every country
• Insecure attachment
• Avoidant attachment
• Ambivalent attachment
• Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Attachment
• Five factors influencing secure attachment:
1. Emotional Responsiveness – parallel teachings

2. Tactile Responsiveness – parallel teachings
3. Contingent Responsiveness – parallel teachings
4. Marital Conflict
5. Mental Health
Attachment
• Characteristics of securely attached children:
• Characteristics of securely attached children:

• More sociable, positive in behaviour to siblings and
friends
• Less clinging and dependent on teachers
• Less aggressive and disruptive
• Empathetic and emotionally mature in school and
outside the home
Attachment
• What does it look like when loss of attachment happens

on a much broader scale?
• Close to home – Colonization: the social, cultural,
and geographic displacement of Indigenous peoples
by European settlers
• Around the world – the USA where children are
being taken from their families when they cross the
boarder, war ravaged countries
• Large-scale prevention measures are required
How is
attachment
demonstrated
in the case
study?
https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/div/schedules.fr.html#child
• Immunizations
Health
• Vaccines help the immune system recognize and fight bacteria and viruses that
cause diseases
• Supporting breastfeeding
• Nutrition
Promotion •
•
Illness in first two years
Second-hand smoke
• Safe Sleep
Sleep – States of
Consciousness
Drowsy Deep Sleep
• Cycle repeats itself every 2 hours
• By 8 weeks some develop
day/night routine and can sleep
up to 2-3 hours
• 6 months - babies sleep about 13
hours and have defined sleep
routines
Lighter
• Cultural beliefs can play a role Feed
Sleep
related to parents’ responses to
sleep patterns
• Central sleep apnea, obstructive
sleep apnea Wakefulness
Fussy
Colic
• Typically appears at 2-3
weeks and disappears
around 3-4 months
Colic • Important to reassure
parents that this is
normal and self limiting
with no long-term effects
What is wrong with this picture?
Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome (SIDS)
• Sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant under 1 years
• Parents and caregivers are encouraged to provide a safe sleep environment
which includes:
• Placing baby on their back (evidence-based)
• Eliminating quilts, duvets, pillows, soft toys, crib bumpers
• Only a fitted sheet is recommended
• Avoiding laying the baby on a soft surface
• Having the baby sleep in a crib or cot near the parent's bed for the first
six months
• Avoiding bedsharing or otherwise sleeping with the baby on a sofa
especially if parents smoke, are more tired than usual, and/or have
consumed alcohol or other substances that promote fatigue
• Providing a smoke free environment during pregnancy and post birth
Think of
Safe Sleep
and the
case study
• Think about Sexual-Ill Being factors

• Physiological
• Psychological
Sexuality • Environmental
• Maturational
• Attitudes and behaviours of families play a big role in
sexuality development – more in later childhood
Group Activity
Normal and abnormal
development
Erickson and Piaget's theory
Indigenous teachings
Take way
Attachment
Health Promotion and SIDS

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INDIVIDUAL

Picture – Stock Photo

• Unparalleled growth in the first

The Brain and Nervous system:

Reflexes: Adaptive Reflexes and Primitive

Cognitive Development: Language Acquisition

1. Emotional Responsiveness – parallel teachings

• Characteristics of securely attached children:

• Characteristics of securely attached children:

• What does it look like when loss of attachment happens

• Think about Sexual-Ill Being factors

Health Promotion and SIDS

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