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    Department of Techncal Education Andhra Pradesh

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    api-3853441
    This document contains notes from a lecture on power supplies, specifically half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters. Key points include: - Capacitor filters are used to reduce ripple in rectified outputs. They work by charging to the peak voltage and discharging slowly through the load. - In half-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters, the peak inverse voltage is doubled compared to without the filter. Ripple factor is reduced to 2/3*f*C*R_L. - Full-wave rectifiers have lower ripple than half-wave, as the capacitor discharges twice per cycle. Ripple factor is reduced to 4/3*f*C

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Department of Techncal Education Andhra Pradesh

    Uploaded by

    api-3853441
    114 views25 pages
    This document contains notes from a lecture on power supplies, specifically half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters. Key points include: - Capacitor filters are used to reduce ripple in rectified outputs. They work by charging to the peak voltage and discharging slowly through the load. - In half-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters, the peak inverse voltage is doubled compared to without the filter. Ripple factor is reduced to 2/3*f*C*R_L. - Full-wave rectifiers have lower ripple than half-wave, as the capacitor discharges twice per cycle. Ripple factor is reduced to 4/3*f*C

    Original Title

    EC302

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    This document contains notes from a lecture on power supplies, specifically half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters. Key points include: - Capacitor filters are used to reduce ripple in rectified outputs. They work by charging to the peak voltage and discharging slowly through the load. - In half-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters, the peak inverse voltage is doubled compared to without the filter. Ripple factor is reduced to 2/3*f*C*R_L. - Full-wave rectifiers have lower ripple than half-wave, as the capacitor discharges twice per cycle. Ripple factor is reduced to 4/3*f*C

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    114 views25 pages

    Department of Techncal Education Andhra Pradesh

    Uploaded by

    api-3853441
    This document contains notes from a lecture on power supplies, specifically half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters. Key points include: - Capacitor filters are used to reduce ripple in rectified outputs. They work by charging to the peak voltage and discharging slowly through the load. - In half-wave rectifiers with capacitor filters, the peak inverse voltage is doubled compared to without the filter. Ripple factor is reduced to 2/3*f*C*R_L. - Full-wave rectifiers have lower ripple than half-wave, as the capacitor discharges twice per cycle. Ripple factor is reduced to 4/3*f*C

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    DEPARTMENT OF TECHNCAL EDUCATION

    ANDHRA PRADESH
    Name : P. Purnasekhara Rao ,SL/ece
    Designation : Senior Lec /ECE
    Branch : ECE
    Institute : GPW, Nellore
    Year/ Semister : III Sem
    Sub : Electronic Circuite -I
    Sub.Code : EC-302,
    Major Topic : Power Supplies
    Sub-Topic : HWR & FWR With Capacitor Filter
    Duration : 50 Min
    Teaching Aids : PPT slides, Scanned Diagrams

    EC302.8 1
    Objectives

    On completion of this class the student will be


    able to know

    • Working of HWR & FWR with Capacitor filter


    • Output waveforms
    • How does Capacitor filter reduces the ripple?
    • Merits and demerits

    EC302.8 2
    Introduction

    1. Can you name some filters that are used in rectifiers

    Capacitor filter,
    Inductor filter,
    RC,LC,CLC,CRC filters

    2. What is their purpose?

    To remove the ripple

    EC302.8 3
    3. Is The output of a rectifier circuit called pure DC or
    pulsating DC?

    Pulsating DC

    4. The variations in the out put of the rectifier are


    called
    Ripples

    EC302.8 4
    5. What is a rectifier?

    A circuit which converts AC to DC

    6. What is the term we use to refer the


    output of a rectifier?

    Pulsating DC

    7. Why is it called pulsating DC?

    Its amplitude is varying even though the polarity is


    constant

    EC302.8 5
    8. To remove /reduce the AC component from
    the output of a rectifier ------are used

    Filters

    9. Where do you connect Filters?

    Between the rectifier and the load

    EC302.8 6
    10. What are the useful properties of Capacitor
    to act as filter

    • Very high impedance for DC

    • Very low Impedance for AC

    • Capacitors store the energy in the electrostatic form

    • When voltage decreases it tries to keep the voltage


    constant. If no voltage is there, it discharges slowly providing
    some voltage across the load.
    • Capacitor filter should be connected always in shunt to the

    load.

    EC302.8 7
    Working of HWR
    Input Wave Form

    • For positive half cycles


    • diode conducts
    • current flows in the circuit
    Output Wave Form
    • For negative half cycles
    • diode does not conduct
    • No current flows

    EC302.8 8
    Working of HWR

    • Conducts for positive cycle


    only

    • The conduction takes place


    when secondary ac voltage
    appears between A&B
    Circuit diagram of HWR:
    • The diode conducts 180 per
    0

    cycle

    • The output appears as shown


    in the figure
    EC302.8 9
    Working of capacitor filter

    • The capacitor filter is connected

    in shunt to the load

    • During the conduction of the diode

    • The capacitor charges to its maximum


    value of the input voltage

    • Keeps the voltage at the maximum.

    EC302.8 10
    Working of capacitor filter

    F
    E

    • When I/P at AB is less than its max or


    peak value (after point E)

    • The voltage across the capacitor is more


    positive

    • It keeps the diode in reverse bias, i.e.,


    even the i/p voltage during the remaining
    positive half cycle input
    • The output appears as shown in the figure
    EC302.8 11
    F
    E

    • The diode state in reverse bias condition, continues till the

    anode voltage is more positive than cathode (after point F )

    • Capacitor discharges through the load until the diode comes


    into conduction depending on its time constant

    • If load is not connected, the capacitor holds the charge


    for a long time

    • In general, a high value of resistance is connected across the

    output terminals to provide a path for discharge


    EC302.8 12
    Important features of capacitor filter
    Fixed value filter capacitance:

    • Larger the load resistance, larger will be the


    discharge time constant, lower ripple and
    more output voltage.

    • Lower the load resistance, lower be the time


    constant, more ripple and lower output voltage.

    Larger the capacitance value

    Holds more charge


    Discharges less
    • Average value increases

    EC302.8 13
    Smaller the capacitance

    • Less charge it can hold

    • Ripple is more

    • DC level decreases

    • Larger capacitance value requires larger current and

    this current is limited by max. forward current of diode

    EC302.8 14
    In HWR

    • Without Capacitor filter, current flows only for half cycle

    through the load

    • Using capacitor filter, current flows through the load


    continuously, when proper time constant is chosen for
    discharging

    For HWR using capacitor1 filter :

    • Ripple factor 2 3 fCRL

    • PIV = 2Vm

    EC302.8 15
    Full wave rectifier
    • FWR, using two diodes and
    a centre tapped transformer or
    Bridge rectifier, output waveforms
    are same
    • FWR using two diodes requires
    a centre tapped transformer where
    as Bridge rectifier requires four diodes

    • The input and output waveforms


    are shown in the
    figures
    • Though diodes are conducting
    alternatively current flows in a
    unidirectional way through the load
    EC302.8 16
    Full wave rectifier(contd)
    FWR

    • When capacitor is connected across


    the load the output waveform is different
    • The output waveform appears as shown
    • The amount of variation is reduced and the

    average value is increased


    • Compared to HWR with filter circuit

    EC302.8 17
    Full wave rectifier (contd)
    FWR

    • Capacitor discharges twice during one

    • cycle and Ripple frequency is twice

    • Non conducting period has reduced

    • Ripple voltage has been reduced to

    half

    • V dc has been increased EC302.8 18


    Full wave rectifier(contd)

    • Ripple factor using capacitor filter for


    1
    full wave rectifier is 4 3 f CR
    L

    • The expressions for ripple factor of HWR and FWR

    using capacitor filter reveals that capacitor filter is

    more useful at smaller load currents

    EC302.8 19
    Summary
    • Filters are used to remove ripple.

    • Capacitors and inductors are used individually or in

    combination as filter elements.


    • Capacitor filters are connected in shunt with
    the load
    • Capacitor filter

    • Improves average current

    • Reduces ripple

    • PIV in HWR is Doubled

    • Improves the regulation


    EC302.8 20
    • Bleeder resistor provides discharging path when
    load is not connected

    • Ripple factor using Capacitor filter:


    1
    • For HWR
    2 3 f CR L
    1
    • For FWR
    4 3 f CR L

    EC302.8 21
    Quiz:

    1. The capacitor filter is used____ with the load

    a) In shunt

    b) In series

    c) a and b

    d) none

    EC302.8 22
    2. PIV of HWR With Capacitor filter is

    a) Vm

    b) 2Vm

    c) 4Vm

    d) none

    EC302.8 23
    3. Capacitor Filters are more useful at the load
    currents of

    a) larger

    b) Very high

    c) small

    d) a and b

    EC302.8 24
    Frequently asked questions:

    1. Draw and explain the working of capacitor filter with


    Half Wave Rectifier
    2. Draw and explain the working of capacitor filter with
    Full Wave Rectifier

    EC302.8 25

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