BECOMING A MEMBER OF

SOCIETY
UCSP 12
LESSON 4
 Lesson 1: Enculturation/Socialization
• SOCIALIZATION: The lifelong process of social interaction through which
people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in society.
• It is considered as the central process of social life and is also aprocess of
member recruitment and replacement.
• Enables the person to gradually become a self-aware and
• knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways, values, rules and culture Of
his/her society.
• Greatly influenced by the context of his/her respective society, and the social
groups that he/she interact with.
• Three Goals of Socialization:
• 1. It teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop
a conscience
• 2. It teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform
certain social roles.
• 3. It cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
• ENCULTURATION: Process of being socialized into a specific
culture.
• Individuals learn cultural symbols, norms, values, and language by
observing and interacting with family, friends, and the rest of society.
• : In its broadest sense it is a process that all individuals undergo
throughout their whole life; it is both a conscious and an unconscious
procedure starting from birth until death. In connection to that, it
happens not only when a person goes to school for formal education,
but also through family, peers and other individuals that socialize
with the person throughout the person’s lifetime (Enculturation and
Acculturation, 2012)
 Lesson1.1 Identity Formation
• IDENTITY – the qualities, behavior, values, beliefs, personality,
looks and/or expressions that make a person. It is flexible and can
therefore change according to situations and circumstances.
• Factors that contribute to change:
• a.Environment
• b.Context
• c.Expectations from societies, groups or other identities that it
interacts with
 Three Major Perspectives of
Identity Formation:

• 1. Identity Theory – roles assigned to individuals

• 2. Social Identity Theory- group membership and
acceptance by the group
• 3. Personal Identity Theory – personal characteristics of
an individual
 Lesson1.2 Norms and Values
• Culture provides everyone with norms, values, expectations,
and other information needed to live with others in the group.
Values and norms of a society are passed on to or acquired by
its members through the process of Enculturation.
• Furthermore, as being born as a part of society, people are
taught about how an individual should act in a given situation.
People are always expected to act in one way or another. There
are certain norms and values that affect how people behave. In
sociological perspective, norms and values are two different
things, although they are connected and important to each other.
• Norms: Is a rule that guides the behavior of members
of a society or group.
• Things that exist in society independent of individuals
and that shape our thoughts and behavior
• : Shared ideas and expectations about how certain
people ought to act in given situations.
• VALUES: Shared ideas or standard about the worthiness of
goals and lifestyle
• : Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is
desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guideline
for social living.
• Aspects of the sociological concept of value:
• • Values exist at different levels of generality of abstraction
• • Values tend to be hierarchically arranged
• • Values are explicit and implicit in varying degrees
• • Values often are in conflict with one another
• . Social norms are generally derived from values since values are
beliefs of a society uphold or idealize. According to Chang
(2000), there should be a common or universal consensus that
exists within the society for the norms to be truly successful and
effective. However, once these laws are not followed,
nonconformity or deviance is committed which violates the
social norms. Because of that, social norms and values greatly
influence how people make decisions.
 Lesson 1.3 Status and Roles

• Each individual in the society has its own status and

roles. Status and Roles are important concept of
socialization because the behavior of young members of
society is controlled by assigning them a certain status
which they will enact. “We can deal with anyone; we
need to know who the person is.” Statuses and roles
makes individual more unsurprising or predictable
(O’Neil, 2006).
• STATUS -refers to a social position that a person holds. In
general, it is associated with prestige. It may be because of
an individual’s (a)lifestyle, (b)education, (c)vocation.
• : can be ascribed or achieved, given or accomplished
respectively.
• a. Ascribed status - A social position receives at birth or
takes on involuntarily later in life.
• b. Achieved Status - Social position a person takes on
voluntarily that reflects personal identity and effort.
• ROLE-refers to the behavior expected of someone who
holds a particular status: it is what the individual is
expected to do, given his status. It is asset of norms,
values, behaviors and personality characteristics attached
to a status. An individual may play one or more roles.
 Lesson 2: Conformity and Deviance
• SOCIAL CONTROL is the process of creating and maintaining stability; in
simplest terms, the power of society over individuals. It is important to have
social control because it elicits certain behavior which empowers individuals
to conform to the norms. Given this, society is known to be a collection of
harmonious relationships between individuals. Without harmony, there would
be no existing relationship and there would be no society (Pujari, 2015).
Furthermore, the idea of rewards and punishments are used in social control.
Rewards are given to individuals who exemplified the values and follow the
norms. Usually those who conform. In contrast, punishments are given to
those individuals who deviate from the social norms.
• CONFORMITY – Behavior which involve change in order to fit in;
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to correspond with a group criterion.
• --The “Chameleon Effect” - A Social Psychology phenomenon wherein
people tend to make themselves blend into the environment.
• Why do people confirm?
•  The need for acceptance and approval of others
•  Fear of embarrassment
•  Ridicule, or rejection by group
 DEVIANCE – behavior that violates social norms; A behavior, a
trait, belief, or other attributes that defies or violates a norm and
triggers an undesirable outcome.
• Functions of Deviance (Macionis 2012:197). According to Emile Durkheim (1858-1917),
deviance performs the following functions:
•  Affirms cultural norms and values. Defiance is needed to define and support morality.
There can be no good without evil and no justice without crime.
•  Clarifies the boundaries. By defining some individuals are deviant, people draw a
boundary between right and wrong.
•  Brings people together. People typically react to serious deviance with shared outrage,
and in doing so reaffirm the moral ties that bind them.
•  Encourages social change. Deviant people suggest alternatives to the status quo and
encouraging change
 Merton’s Structural Strain Theory: Five Types of Deviance
(Crossman, 2015)
1.Confor Accepted Goal, Accepted Ex. Conformists have
mist Means. These are groups accepted the goals of
of society and the
people that follow the societallyapproved ways of
norm, and also trust the attaining
system them. The 'American
which would help them Dream,' for example, is
achieve their goals. financial security through
talent, schooling, and above
all, hard work
2. Ritualist Reject Goal, Accept Means. These Ex. One common example
are the people that of ritualism is when people
reject or do not believe in the goals do not embrace the goal of
of the society. getting ahead in society by
However, they still accept the doing well in one's career
means by doing the same and earning as much
things as what conformists do. money
Being a ritualist is a form as possible
of deviance, by rejecting the goals
of society, individuals
deviate themselves from the norm.
But its does not
necessarily mean that these people
are lawbreakers.
3.Innovators Accept Goal, Reject Means. EX. Steve Jobs, the
They are the opposite of founder
ritualists. Innovators are the of the Apple computer
people that accept the company and his
society’s goal, however, they colleagues
reject the ways on how to who without support
get to the society’s goal. They from
are deviant because of big corporations, worked
their means or action on how in
to achieve goals. Their garage to invent personal
different means deviate computers
themselves from the norm,
which usually borders on law
breaking.
4.Retreatist Reject Goal, Reject Means. These are Ex. Some beggars and
types of people street people have
who reject both the goals and means withdrawn from
of the society, society’s
which makes them deviant. These are goal of financial success
the people who (OpenStax,2015)
avoid the established goals and avoid
the means of what
they should do. These people retreat
to a kind of lifestyle
that they want to live in, not what the
society dictates
them to live in.
5.Rebels Reject Goals, Reject means. These Ex. Terrorists or
people are those freedom
who are not satisfied with the fighters look to
current system, but instead overthrow a
they are the ones who want to society’s goals through
create a new goal and socially unacceptable
means for the society, which makes means(OpenStax, 2015)
them deviant. These
people are the people who are
extremely dangerous like
terrorists because they want a new
goal and means
wherein they are the ones who
would benefit, and not
the society.
 Social Control
• l involves teaching, persuading, and or forcing members
and non-members of a group to comply with and not
deviate from its norms and expectations.
• The idea of criminal behaviors are learned; criminals are
considered conformists when they tend to conform to the
groups in which they associate themselves.
**In other words, one may learn deviant behavior based on
their association.
 govern
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•  Gossip for social control in natural and artificial societies. In
this work, we propose a theory of gossip as a means for social
control.
• Exercising social control roughly means to isolate and to punish
cheaters.
•  Social Ostracism increases social susceptibility. Ostracism,
the act of ignoring and excluding, is a universally applied tactic
of social control.
• Individuals who detect ostracism often change their behaviors
to be readmitted into the group, even if it means becoming
excessively socially susceptible to influence
• Law. Social control entails rules of behavior that should be followed by
the members of society. Some of the rules of conduct fall into therealm
of good manners as the culture defines them. Other rules of conduct are
not optional and are enforced by-laws
•  Reward and Punishment, Informal controls reward or punish
acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance) and are varied from
individual to individual, group to group, and society to society.
• For example, at a Women's Institute meeting, a disapproving look might
convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a
criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction applies in the case
of someone threatening to inform the police of illegal activity.
• Social control by the use of reward is known as positive
reinforcement. In society and the laws and regulations
implemented by the government tend to focus on
punishment or enforcing negative sanctions to act as a
deterrent as a means of social control.