Microsoft Excel 2007

Introduction to Spreadsheet Programs

 INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL
OBJECTIVES
 After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 Identify the components of a spreadsheet.
 Enter data into a spreadsheet.
 Perform basic mathematical tasks in a spreadsheet.

 Printing a spreadsheet.
 Graphs/Charts
 Starting at the Beginning
What is a Spreadsheet?
A spreadsheet is a powerful tool for organising
information.
What are they for?
They are used to carry out lots of calculations quickly
and to store large amounts of information for a range
of purposes.
What can they do?
Once you know how to do it – they can do almost any
maths that you could need!
 Key Terms in MS-Excel
 A spreadsheet (worksheet): a piece of paper in which
data can be manipulated by the computer stored in rows
and columns.
 A workbook (Excel file) has multiple sheets.
 Each sheet may have multiple pages.
 Record and organize information in a row (record)-
and-column (field) format.
 Make calculations and simple statistical analyses
across a row or a column.
 Create charts based on the data displayed in a
spreadsheet.
 The Workbook
 The workbook is comprised
of:
 Rows (labeled
numerically)
 Columns (labeled
alphabetically)
 Cells

 A cell is labeled with both a

numerical and alphabetical
value.
 Naming convention:

C3 is active as
Indicated by the
 Tab Key: navigate cells.
 The Workbook
COLUMN - Each worksheet contains 256 columns in all,
the first 26 columns have the letters from A through
Z.so after Z the letters begin again in pairs, AA through
AZ. After AZ, the letter pairs start again with columns
BA through BZ, and so on, continuing through IA to
IV, until all 256 columns have alphabetical headings.

ROW-Each row also has a heading. Row headings are

numbers, from 1 through 65,536.

CELLS-There are 16,777,216 cells to work in on each

worksheet. You could get lost without the cell reference
to tell you where you are.
 Workbook vs Sheets
 A workbook refers to an Excel document. You
will sometimes hear it called a “spreadsheet.”
 In Default, each workbook has 3 “sheets”
associated with it. You can rename these sheets
to something more fitting to your purpose(e.g.
Fall Term, Summer Term, Spring Term…)
 You can add sheets if you’d like to.
 Your workbook is the ENTIRE file and the file
name should reflect the function the file serves.
 Friends_Address.xlsx
 Inventory.xlsx
 GETTING STARTED

To open Excel, click the Start button, point to All

Programs, point to Microsoft Office, and then
click Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
 Excel Workbook Window
 Open the MS-Excel
 Click
 Start-All Programs-Microsoft Office – Microsoft Office
Excel 2007.
This creates a new workbook.
 Open an Excel workbook in Excel
 Click on Office Button and select Open.
 Locate the file via file folders.
 Double-click on the file.
 Excel Window

•MS Office Buttn

•Quick Access
Toolbar

•Tab Bar

•Ribbon

•Worksheet Area

•Sheet Tabs

•Status Bar

•Help: F1
Overview of Spreadsheet Programs
 Microsoft Office Button
Performs many of the functions
that were located in the File
menu of older (or Excel 2010)
versions.
New, Open, Save, Save As, Print,
Send, Close, etc.
File
Format
Save As
Excel Workbook, .xlsx
Smaller size with new
Office 2007 features.
Excel 97 – 2003 Workbook
Other Formats: web page,
.csv
 Ribbon

Font Paragraph Styles

grouping grouping grouping

 Each “tab” (such as “Home”, “Insert”…) will open a

ribbon with several command items each in similar
groupings.
 Home: has the common formatting tools, clipboard,
fonts, paragraphs, number, Styles, Cells, and Editing.
 The Workbook
 The workbook is comprised
of:
 Rows (labeled
numerically)
 Columns (labeled
alphabetically)
 Cells

 A cell is labeled with both a

numerical and alphabetical
value.
 Naming convention:

C3 is active as
Indicated by the
 Tab Key: navigate cells.
 Steps - Creation of a Workbook
1. Create a new workbook.
2. Save it with a file name.
3. Enter data: column headings, row
headings, and data.
4. Format data: column headings, row
headings, and data.
5. Save the file.
 A New Workbook
 You have a blank workbook when you open
Excel.
 Or click on Office Button and select New.
 Click on Create button.
 Save a Workbook
 Click on Office Button and
select Save or Save As.
 Save: save the workbook
as .xlsx. This format is Excel
2007 compatible. It cannot be
opened in previous version of
Excel unless you have an
Office 2007 converter installed.
 Save As:
 Excel Workbook - .xlsx
 Excel 97 – 2003 Workbook - .xls
 Other Formats - .CSV and others.
 Working in a Spreadsheet
To work with a spreadsheet, you enter data in the cells of the spreadsheet.

 You enter data by clicking a cell and typing the data.

 To replace data in a cell, you click the specific cell and type the new
data.
 To edit data in a cell, you double click in the cell and type additional
data.
Note: when editing data, a blinking cursor appears.
 Working in a spreadsheet (cont.)
You can enter three types of data in a spreadsheet:

 Text: Text data has no numeric value associated

with it.

 Numbers: A number has a constant numeric

value, such as the test scores attained by a
student.

 Formulas and functions: Formulas and functions

are mathematical equations.
 Enter Data

To ENTER data:
 click on the cell
 type information
 press ENTER.

The data can be

both number, text
and Formulas and
functions .
 Creation of a Workbook
 You should always enter headings to columns and rows to
identify what the numbers represent.
 Practice: make a workbook of home expenses.

Items January February March Total Average

Clothing

Grocery

Gas

Utilities

Total
 Autofill – Fill in Months
AutoFill Enter the months of the year, the days of the week,
multiples of 2 or 3, or other data in a series. You type one or more
entries, and then extend the series.
 Fill in the months of the year
 Type in the first 2 months.
 Change the cell type to Date type.
 Select the row of the months by clicking on the row tab such as “1”. Go to Format and select Format
Cells… (bottom).
 Select Date and click on OK.

•Highlight the cells of the two

months and drag the bottom right
corner to expand the cells with the
rest of the months.
 Insert a Row/Column
 Insert a row:
 Select the row you would like to insert above
 Clicking on the row number tab.
 In Home tab, go to Insert and select Insert Sheet Rows.

 Insert a column:
 Select the column you would like to insert next to it
 Clicking on the column letter tab such as L.
 In Home tab, go to Insert and select Insert Sheet Column.
 Change Column Width or Row Height
 Column Width
 Drag the border between two columns to adjust
a column width.
 Adjust column width for a group of columns
 Highlight the columns you want to adjust their width.
 In Home tab, go to Format and select Column Width...
 Enter a number of characters for column width. Click on
OK.
 Row Height
 Drag the border between two rows to adjust a row width.
 Adjust row width for a group of rows
 Highlight the rows you would like to change their height.
 In Home tab, go to Format and select Row Height.
 Enter a number of the row height and click on OK.
 One point=.035 cm
 Format a Worksheet

 Change the font size, color, and the

background of a cell or group of cells.
 Select the cells you’d like to change. Then select
a formatting tool.
 To show cell borders, highlight the cells and
select a border.
 Table Styles and Cell Styles
 Table Styles
 Highlight the Excel table (all cells), go to Format as
Table icon. Select a table style.
 Cell Styles
 Highlight cells, go to Cell Styles, select a cell style.
 Excel - Header and Footer
 In Insert tab, click on Header & Footer icon.

 Type in a header in the Header box.

 Click on Go to Footer icon. Click on File Name icon to insert the file name in the
Footer box.
 To go back to the Normal view of the spreadsheet, click on View tab and select
Normal.
 Conditional Formatting
 Format cells based on a condition
 Red font for expenses that exceed $100.
 Highlight the cells you would like to apply a conditional formatting
rule.
 In Home tab, select Conditional Formatting. Select Highlight Cell
Rules and Greater Than.
 Select a cut point number (100) and a style of text.
 Conditional Formatting
 Explore more conditions
 Top/Bottom Rules: Top 10, Above Average
 Data columns
 Formatting Styles
 Color Scale
 Data Set
Performing mathematical tasks
 Using formulae
Ok then, so that’s the basic stuff.
We now know how to enter data in spreadsheets – it is
really easy!
Let’s do something more difficult then!
Let’s use some formulae (that means sums!)
In Numeracy, when we write a number sentence we write
the ‘=’ sign just before the answer, in a spreadsheet we write
it first, before the sum.
So when you want a spreadsheet to work out a sum:
PUT THE = FIRST!
If you don’t it won’t work.
 Using formulae
There is one more thing that you
Maths Spreadsheet
need to know about using a Symbol
Symbol
spreadsheet to perform
calculations.
The symbols for the operations
are not all the same.
+ +
So to calculate 3x4 - -
You would enter =3*4 X *
And the spreadsheet would ÷ /
show “12”. (That’s the
answer!)
 Creating Basic Formula
 You conduct a mathematical
calculation in Excel by typing a simple
formula into a cell. An Excel formula
always begins with an equal sign (=).
 Math operators
 Addition: +
 Subtraction:-
 Multiplication:*
 Division:/
 Example: Gas + Utilities
 Click on the cell that displays the
expense of Gas and Utilities.
 Enter =.
 Click on the Gas cell for January.
 Enter +.
 Click on the Utilities cell for January
 Hit Enter key.
 Formulas & functions

Excel reads any

expression that
begins with an
equal sign as a
calculation. All
functions and
formulas begin
with an equal
sign.
 The function =SUM(B1:B6)
 The formula =B1+B2+B3+B4+B5+B6
 Basic Calculating Functions – Total,
Average
 Excel has mathematical functions for you
to use.
 Total
 Click on the Cell that displays a total.
 In Home tab, click on the sum function icon.
 Highlight the cells included in the total and hit
Enter key.
 Average
 Click on the cell that displays an average.
 In Home tab, click on the little down arrow in the
sum function icon and select Average.
 Highlight the cells included in the average and hit
Enter key.
Formulas & Functions
Copy & Paste formulas
 Inserting a function
 Excel also provides a list of predefined
formulas called functions. To insert a function
to calculate the average of a group of values,
click the Insert menu, and then click Function
(2)To specify which cells should be used to
calculate the average, in the Function
Arguments dialog box, press SPACEBAR to
have the cell range typed for you in the
Number1 box, and then click OK. (3.) To save
time, you can use the AutoSum button to
perform functions such as sum and average
Inserting a function
 Copy a Formula
 You may copy the same formula onto a series of
cells.
 Example, a total expense in each of all 12 months.
 Select the total cell for January.
 Drag the bottom right corner of the cell to expand to the
December total cell.
 The total expense is then calculated for all 12 months.

• Practice
• Total for each of the
categories
 Cutting & Pasting data
 To move the contents from one cell to another
cell, click on the first cell, click the Edit menu,
and then click Cut.
 Then select the new cell by clicking it and then ,
click the Edit menu, and then click Paste
SHORTCUT: After selecting or clicking on The
cell, click on Cut Icon (Scissors) on the
Standard Tool Bar.
Cutting & Pasting data
 Cutting & Pasting data (cont.)

 To COPY contents of a cell:

 Click on the cell,
 Select the Home tab,
 Click Copy from the
Clipboard Group.

 To PASTE contents of a
cell:
 click on the cell,
 Select the Home tab,
 click Paste from the Clipboard
Group.
 Selecting cells

 To select a range of cells in a column/row, click the

left mouse button in a cell & drag the mouse pointer
to highlight the cells of your choice.
 Adding rows & columns
To Insert a Row or Column to your spreadsheet
select the row or column where you would like
to add one and then click the Insert menu, and
then click Rows or Columns, whichever one
you’d like to add. NOTICE ON THE FIRST
SLIDE “NAME” IS ON ROW 3 BUT AFTER
ADDING A ROW IT IS NOW ON ROW “4”
 Adding rows & columns
• To INSERT a Row/Column:
– Select the row/column heading,
– Click the Home Tab,
– Click the Insert button from the Cells Group.
• The insertion occurs before the selected column/row.
 Deleting Rows and Columns

 To delete a column/row:
 click the column/row heading
 click the Delete button on the Cells Group of the
Home Ribbon.
Finding the right size
 You can expand the
width of a column or the
height of the row to
increase the visible space
in each cell.

 To begin changing the

width of the column ,
move the mouse pointer
over the right edge of
column heading until the
mouse pointer changes
to a double-headed
arrow.
 From a to z

You may want to organize or rearrange data in

your worksheet. To sort data in the worksheet,
click the column heading and then click Sort &
Filter in the Editing Group on the Home Tab.
Inserting a chart
How to Print Spreadsheet Data

To print a spreadsheet,
click the Microsoft
Office Button, point
to Print, and then
click Print.
How to Print Spreadsheet Data (cont.)

To specify the
pages that you
want to print, in the
Print dialog box,
under Print range,
in the From and To
boxes, type the
pages that you
want to print.
Performing Mathematical Calculations

 The following exercises demonstrate how to

perform mathematical calculations
 Addition
 Move your cursor to cell A1.
 Type 1.
 Press Enter.
 Type 1 in cell A2.
 Press Enter.
 Type =A1+A2 in cell A3.
 Press Enter. Cell A1 has been added to cell A2, and the
result is shown in cell A3.
 Subtraction
 Press F5. The Go to dialog box opens.
 Type B1 in the Reference field.
 Press Enter. The cursor should move to cell B1.
 Type 5 in cell B1.
 Press Enter.
 Type 3 in cell B2.
 Press Enter.
 Type =B1- B2 in cell B3.
 Press Enter. Cell B1 has been subtracted from B2,
and the result is shown in cell B3.
 Multiplication
 Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "g"
(Ctrl-g). The Go To dialog box opens.
 Type C1 in the Reference field.
 Press Enter. You should now be in cell C1.
 Type 2 in cell C1.
 Press Enter.
 Type 3 in cell C2.
 Press Enter.
 Type =C1*C2 in cell C3.
 Press Enter. Cell C1 is multiplied by cell C2 and
the result is displayed in cell C3.
 Division

 Press F5.
 Type D1 in the Reference field.
 Press Enter. You should now be in cell D1.
 Type 6 in cell D1.
 Press Enter.
 Type 3 in cell D2.
 Press Enter.
 Type =D1/D2 in cell D3.
 Press Enter. Cell D1 is divided by cell D2 and
the result is displayed in cell D3.
 The AutoSum Icon
The AutoSum icon on the Standard toolbar
automatically adds a column of numbers. The
following illustrates the SUM function:
 Go to cell F1.

 Type 3. Press Enter.

 Type 3. Press Enter.

 Type 3. Press Enter.

 Click the AutoSum button, which is located on

the Editing Ribbon .

 AutoSam Icon

•F1 to F3 should now be highlighted.

•Press Enter. Cells F1 through F3 are added.
 Formatting Numbers
 You can format the numbers you enter into
Microsoft Excel. You can add commas to
separate thousands, specify the number of
decimal places, place a dollar sign in front of
the number, or display the number as a percent
in addition to several other options.
 Formatting Numbers
 Move the cursor to cell A5.
 Type 1234567.
 Press Enter.
 Move the cursor back to cell A5.
 Choose Format > Cells from the menu. The Format Cells
dialog box will open.
 Choose the Number tab.
 Click Number in the Category box.
 Type 2 in the Decimal Places box.
 Place a check mark in the Use 1000 Separator box.
 Click OK. The number should now display with two
decimal places. The thousands should now be separated
by commas.
Formatting Numbers

Before formatting

After formatting
 Adding a Currency Sign to a Numeric Entry

 Move the cursor to cell A5.

 Choose the Number tab.
 Click Currency in the Category box.
 Make sure there is a "$" in the
Symbol box.
 Click OK. The number displays with
a dollar sign.
Alternate Method: Formatting
Numbers by Using the Toolbar
 More Advanced Mathematical Calculations

 When you perform mathematical calculations in Microsoft

Excel, be careful of precedence. Calculations are performed
from left to right, with multiplication and division performed
before addition and subtraction.

 BODMAS

 B-Brackets
 O-Of
 D-Division
 M-Multiplication
 A-Addition
 S-Subtraction
 Move to a new worksheet by clicking on Sheet2
in the lower left corner of the screen.
 Go to cell A1.
 Type =3+3+12/2*4.
 Press Enter.

 Note: Microsoft Excel divided 12 by 2,

multiplied the answer by 4, added 3, and then
added another 3. The answer, 30, displays in
cell A1.
To change the order of calculation, use parentheses.
Microsoft Excel calculates the information in
parentheses first.

 Double-click in cell A1.

 Edit the cell to read = (3+3+12)/2*4.
 Press Enter.

 Note: Microsoft Excel added 3 plus 3 plus 12,

divided the answer by 2, and multiplied the result
by 4. The answer, 36, displays in cell A1.
 Cell Addressing
 Microsoft Excel records cell addresses in
formulas in three different ways, called
absolute, relative, and mixed. The way a formula
is recorded is important when you copy it.
 With relative cell addressing, when you copy a
formula from one area of the worksheet to
another, Microsoft Excel records the position of
the cell relative to the cell that originally
contained the formula. The following exercises
demonstrate:
 Go to cell A7.
 Type 1. Press Enter.
 Type 1. Press Enter.
 Type 1. Press Enter.
 Go to cell B7.
 Type 2. Press Enter.
 Type 2. Press Enter.
 Type 2. Press Enter.
 Go to cell A10.
 In addition to typing a formula,
as you did in Lesson 1, you can
also enter formulas by using
Point mode. When you are in
Point mode, you can enter a
formula either by clicking on a
cell with your mouse or by using
the arrow keys.
 You should be in cell A10.
 Type =.
 Use the up arrow key to move to cell A7.
 Type +.
 Use the up arrow key to move to cell A8.
 Type +.
 Use the up arrow key to move to cell A9.
 Press Enter.
 Look at the Formula bar while in cell A10. Note
that the formula you entered is recorded in cell
A10.
 Copying by Using the Menu
 You can copy entries from one cell to another cell.
To copy the formula you just entered, follow these
steps:
 You should be in cell A10.
 Choose Edit > Copy from the menu. Moving dotted
lines appear around cell A10, indicating the cells to
be copied.
 Press the Right Arrow key once to move to cell B10.
 Choose Edit > Paste from the menu. The formula in
cell A10 is copied to cell B10.
 Press Esc to exit the Copy mode.
 Absolute Cell Addressing
 An absolute cell address refers to the same cell,
no matter where you copy the formula. You
make a cell address an absolute cell address by
placing a dollar sign in front of both the row
and column identifiers. You can do this
automatically by using the F4 key. To illustrate:
 Move the cursor to cell C10.
 Type =.
 Use the up arrow key to move to cell C7.
 Press F4. Dollar signs should appear before the C
and before the 7.
 Type +.
 Use the up arrow key to move to cell C8.
 Press F4.
 Type +.
 Use the up arrow key to move to cell C9.
 Press F4.
 Press Enter. The formula is recorded in cell C10.
 Numbers and Mathematical Calculations

 Microsoft Excel has many functions that you

can use. Functions allow you to quickly and
easily find an average, the highest number, the
lowest number, a count of the number of items
in a list, and make many other useful
calculations.
 Reference Operators
Reference operators refer to a cell or a group of cells. There
are two types of reference operators, range and union.

 A RANGE reference refers to all the cells between and

including the reference. A range reference consists of
two cell addresses separated by a colon. The reference
A1:A3 includes cells A1, A2, and A3. The reference
A1:C3 includes A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, and C3.

 A UNION reference includes two or more references. A

union reference consists of two or more cell addresses
separated by a comma. The reference A7, B8, C9 refers
to cells A7, B8, and C9.
 Functions
Microsoft Excel has a set of prewritten formulas
called functions. Functions differ from regular
formulas in that you supply the value but not
the operators, such as +, -, *, or /. For example,
you can use the SUM function to add. When
using a function, remember the following:
 Use an equal sign to begin a formula.

 Specify the function name.

 Enclose arguments within parentheses.

 Use a comma to separate arguments.

Here is an example of a function:

 =SUM(2, 13, A1, B27)

 In this function:
 The equal sign begins the function.
 SUM is the name of the function.
 2, 13, A1, and B27 are the arguments.
 Parentheses enclose the arguments.
 A comma separates the arguments.

The SUM function adds the arguments together. In the

exercises that follow, we will look at various
functions.
 Typing a Function
 Open Microsoft Excel.
 Type 12 in cell B1.
 Press Enter.
 Type 27 in cell B2.
 Press Enter.
 Type 24 in cell B3.
 Press Enter.
 Type =SUM(B1:B3) in cell A4.
 Press Enter. Microsoft Excel sums cells B1 to B3.
 Calculating an Average
You can use the AVERAGE function to calculate
the average of a series of numbers.
 Move your cursor to cell A6.

 Type Average. Press the right arrow key to

move to cell B6.

 Type =AVERAGE(B1:B3).

 Press Enter. The average of cells B1 to B3,

which is 21, will appear

 Calculating an Average by Using the Sum Icon

 Move your cursor to cell C6.

 Click the drop-down arrow next to the Sum
icon.
 Click Average.
 Highlight C1 to C3.
 Press Enter. The average of cells C1 to C3,
which is 100, appears.
 Calculating Min
 You can use the MIN function to find the
lowest number in a series of numbers.
 Move your cursor to cell A7.
 Type Min.
 Press the right arrow key to move to cell B7.
 Type = MIN(B1:B3).
 Press Enter. The lowest number in the series,
which is 12, appears.
 Calculating Max
 You can use the MAX function to find the highest
number in a series of numbers.
 Move your cursor to cell A8.
 Type Max.
 Press the right arrow key to move to cell B8.
 Type = MAX(B1:B3).
 Press Enter. The highest number in the series, which
is 27, appears.

 Note: You can also use the drop-down menu next to

the Sum icon to calculate minimums and maximums.
 Calculating Count
 You can use the count function to count the
number of items in a series.
 Move your cursor to cell A9.
 Type Count
 Press the right arrow key to move to cell B9.
 Click the down arrow next to the Sum icon.
 Click Count.
 Highlight B1 to B3.
 Press Enter. The number of items in the series,
which is 3, appears
 Nesting functions within functions

In certain cases, you may need to use a function

as one of the arguments (argument: The values
that a function uses to perform operations or
calculations. The type of argument a function
uses is specific to the function. Common
arguments that are used within functions
include numbers, text, cell references, and
names.) of another function. For example, the
following formula uses a nested AVERAGE
function and compares the result with the
value 50.
 When a nested function is used as an argument, it must
return the same type of value that the argument uses. For
example, if the argument returns a TRUE or FALSE value,
then the nested function must return a TRUE or FALSE. If it
doesn't, Microsoft Excel displays a #VALUE! error value.
 A formula can contain up to seven levels of nested
functions. When Function B is used as an argument in
Function A, Function B is a second-level function. For
instance, the AVERAGE function and the SUM function are
both second-level functions because they are arguments of
the IF function. A function nested within the AVERAGE
function would be a third-level function, and so on.
 Conditional formulas by using the IF function

Returns one value if a condition you specify

evaluates to TRUE and another value if it
evaluates to FALSE.
 Use IF to conduct conditional tests on values

and formulas.
 Syntax

 IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
 Logical test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or
FALSE. For example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell
A10 is equal to 100, the expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the
expression evaluates to FALSE. This argument can use any comparison
calculation operator.

 Value_if_true is the value that is returned if logical test is TRUE. For

example, if this argument is the text string "Within budget" and the
logical test argument evaluates to TRUE, then the IF function displays the
text "Within budget". If logical test is TRUE and value_if_true is blank,
this argument returns 0 (zero). To display the word TRUE, use the logical
value TRUE for this argument. Value_if_true can be another formula.

 Value_if_false is the value that is returned if logical test is FALSE. For

example, if this argument is the text string "Over budget" and the logical
test argument evaluates to FALSE, then the IF function displays the text
"Over budget". If logical test is FALSE and value_if_false is omitted, (that
is, after value_if_true, there is no comma), then the logical value FALSE is
returned. If logical test is FALSE and value_if_false is blank (that is, after
value_if_true, there is a comma followed by the closing parenthesis), then
the value 0 (zero) is returned. Value_if_false can be another formula.
 The example may be easier to understand if
you enter it to a blank worksheet.
A B
1
Actual Expenses Predicted Expenses
2

1500 900
3

500 900
4

500 925
Formula Description (Result)

=IF(A2>B2,"Over Checks whether the first row is over

Budget","OK") budget (Over Budget)

=IF(A3>B3,"Over Checks whether the second row is

Budget","OK") over budget (OK)
 A
1
Score
2
45
3
90
4
78
Formula Description (Result)

=IF(A2>89,"A",IF(A2>79,"B",IF(A2>69,"C",IF( Assigns a letter grade to the

A2>59,"D","F")))) first score (F)

=IF(A3>89,"A",IF(A3>79,"B",IF(A3>69,"C",IF( Assigns a letter grade to the

A3>59,"D","F")))) second score (A)

=IF(A4>89,"A",IF(A4>79,"B",IF(A4>69,"C",IF( Assigns a letter grade to the

A4>59,"D","F")))) third score (C)
 In the preceding example, the second IF
statement is also the value_if_false argument to
the first IF statement. Similarly, the third IF
statement is the value_if_false argument to the
second IF statement. For example, if the first
logical test (Average>89) is TRUE, "A" is
returned. If the first logical test is FALSE, the
second IF statement is evaluated, and so on.
 The letter grades are assigned to numbers
using the following key.

If Score is Then return

Greater than 89 A

From 80 to 89 B

From 70 to 79 C

From 60 to 69 D

Less than 60 F
 Creating Charts
 Using Microsoft Excel, you can represent
numbers in a chart. You can choose from a
variety of chart types. And, as you change your
data, your chart will automatically update. You
can use Microsoft Excel's Chart Wizard to take
you through the process step-by-step.
 Creating a Column Chart
 To create the column chart, start by creating the
spreadsheet below exactly as shown.
After you have created the spreadsheet, you are
ready to create your chart.
 Highlight cells A3 to D6. You must highlight

all the cells containing the data you want in

your chart. You should also include the data
labels.
 Choose Insert > Chart from the menu.

 Click Column to select the type of chart you

want to create.
 In the Chart Sub-type box, choose the

Clustered Column icon to select the chart sub-

type.
Questions