Chap 5

CSF 10203
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Chapter 5: State and State Machines

INTRODUCTION
• State and State Machines are fundamental concepts in digital systems.

• They play a crucial role in various computer science and engineering
aspects.
• Explore the significance of state, logical expressions, sequencing, and
their applications in computer systems and network protocols.
STATE????
A state defines the current condition of a system.

STATE DIAGRAMS
STATE AND STATE MACHINES
What are state and state machines?

•A state machine reads a set of inputs and changes to a different state based on those
inputs. A state describes the status of a system waiting to execute a transition. A
transition is a set of actions to execute when a condition is fulfilled or an event is
received.
•State refers to the condition or situation in which something exists or operates. In the
context of digital systems, the state represents the current configuration or status of a
system or component.
•State Machines are mathematical models used to describe the behavior of systems or
components. They consist of a set of states, transitions between states, and actions
associated with transitions.
• Simple Logic Gates are basic electronic devices that perform logical
operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary
output. Examples include AND, OR, NOT gates.
• Logical Expressions are statements that can be either true or false. They
are formed using logical operators such as AND, OR, and NOT.
• Boolean Logic Simplification involves techniques like algebraic
manipulation and truth table analysis to simplify complex logical
expressions and minimize the number of logic gates required.
• A logic gate is an
electronic circuit that
performs Boolean
operations (logical
functions) on one or
more inputs to
produce a single
binary output
(boolean expression).
LOGIC BOOLEAN
AND OPERATOR
OR OPERATOR
NOT OPERATOR
XOR OPERATOR
GATE SYMBOLS FOR BOOLEAN OPERATOR
EXAMPLE:
COMBINING THE XOR OPERATOR AND THE AND
OPERATOR TO MAKE A HALF ADDER.
The truth table for a half adder.

• Logic gates are used in a wide range of electronic circuits, from simple
calculators to advanced computer processors. They are used to perform logical
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They
are also used to create more complex circuits such as adders, multiplexers, and
flip-flops.
• One of the most common applications of logic gates is in digital clock circuits.
These circuits use logic gates to generate a series of pulses that are used to
drive a clock display. The logic gates are designed to output a high voltage
signal at regular intervals, creating a series of pulses that can be used to
measure time.
• Another application of logic gates is in digital memory circuits. These circuits
use logic gates to store and retrieve information in binary form. They are used
in computer memory, hard drives, and other digital storage devices.
HOW GATES ARE USED IN COMPUTER
SCIENCE.
• Logic gates are also used in digital communication systems, such as

telephone networks and the Internet. They are used to process and
manipulate digital signals, making it possible to transmit data over long
distances.
• Clocks provide synchronization in digital systems by
generating regular pulses or signals. They determine the
timing of operations within the system.
• State represents the current condition or mode of operation of
a system or component. It can be represented using state
variables.
• Sequencing involves determining the order in which
operations occur within a digital system. Clock signals play a
crucial role in sequencing operations.
• Combinational Logic circuits produce outputs based solely on the current
input values, with no regard for previous inputs or states.
• Sequential Logic circuits incorporate memory elements to store
information about previous inputs or states, allowing them to produce
outputs that depend on both current inputs and history.
• Registers and Memories are examples of storage elements used in
sequential logic circuits to hold data temporarily or permanently.
• Computers are complex systems composed of interconnected state
machines. Each component, such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals,
can be modeled as a state machine with its own set of states and
transitions.
• Network Protocols, such as TCP/IP, HTTP, and Ethernet protocols, can be
represented as state machines. They define sequences of states and
transitions that govern communication processes between networked
devices.
WHY IS TCP/IP IMPORTANT?
• TCP/IP is the fundamental protocol suite that enables data transfer and
communication across the Internet and other networks. It's nonproprietary
and, as a result, isn't controlled by any single company. Therefore, the IP
suite can be modified easily. It's compatible with all operating systems
(OSes), so it can communicate with any other system. The IP suite is also
compatible with all types of computer hardware and networks.
• TCP/IP is highly scalable and, as a routable protocol, can determine the
most efficient path through the network. It's widely used in current internet
architecture.
• Control Systems: State machines are used in various control applications,
including industrial automation, robotics, and traffic light systems, to
control and coordinate different processes.
• Software Development: Finite State Machines (FSMs) are commonly used
in software development for tasks such as parsing, protocol handling, and
game development.
• Hardware Design: Integrated circuits, CPUs, and memory units are designed
using state machine principles to achieve efficient and reliable operation.
• State and state machines are foundational concepts in digital systems, playing a
crucial role in various fields, including computer science, engineering, and software
development.
• Understanding these concepts is essential for designing efficient and reliable
systems.

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CSF 10203

Chapter 5: State and State Machines

• State and State Machines are fundamental concepts in digital systems.

A state defines the current condition of a system.

What are state and state machines?

The truth table for a half adder.

• Logic gates are also used in digital communication systems, such as

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