CITY & METROPOLITAN PLANNING

MODULE – 1 URBAN GROWTH & SYSTEM OF CITIES

L.J. SCHOOL OF PLANNING
WHAT IS METROPOLITAN AREA AND WHAT IS METROPOLITAN PLANNING PROCESS
METROPOLITAN AREA
A metropolitan area or metro is a region consisting of a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding
territories sharing industries, commercial areas, transport networks, infrastructures and housing.
A metropolitan area usually comprises multiple principal cities, jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships,
boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts and even states and nations in areas like the eurodistricts.
As per the Constitution of India, a metropolitan area is defined as an area having a population of 10 lakh or more, comprised
in one or more districts, and consisting of two or more municipalities or panchayats or other contiguous areas, specified by
the Governor by a public notification to be a Metropolitan area

METROPOLITAN PLANNING
Metropolitan planning is a process rather than a conclusive statement. It is a pattern for the physical development of the city, a
pattern to guide the city builders in locating their investments and measuring the prospect for success. It is a design of the physical,
social, economic, and geographic properties of the city into a structure.
The metropolitan plans can be modified as and when the conditions in the city are altered but the general plan of the metropolitan
city remains intact as it represents certain things that are vital to the welfare of the people and also the city.
The plan contains things such as the following:
i.The number of people the city may be built to accommodate.
ii. The standards and pace at which the city has to be developed.
iii.The different uses of land—for residential purposes, commercial purposes and industrial enterprise.
iv.The construction of transport and communication system that has to be developed— including the circulation system.
v.The extent of open space that has to be preserved for various purposes throughout the city.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF METROPOLITAN PLANNING AND ITS BENEFITS
The basic elements for metropolitan planning are :
•Plan for effective land use
•Plan for proper circulation and transportation.

PLAN FOR EFFECTIVE LAND USE

The plan specifically designates the areas of the city for developments for various urban land users—residential, commercial,
industrial, public spaces or open space and agricul­tural. It specifies the areas for multiple residential and single dwellings and
also defines the areas that have to be reserved for recreation, conservation and agriculture.
The plan provides for the allocation of several facilities such as schools, parks, playgrounds and shopping complexes. It also sets
standards to guide the city builders in their various enterprises, so the city does not lose its aesthetic values
The plan will chart the relation of the city to the region and indicate its integration with its satellite communities, and will define
the areas and standards for subdivision of new land. It guides the city corporation in the design of utilities like sewers, gas,
water, electric distribution and street lighting.
PLAN FOR CIRCULATION OR TRANSPORTATION
The plan provides for major inter-city and intra-city routes including routes for mass trans­portation, railroads, airways and
waterways, wherever applicable. It defines the through traffic arteries, freeways, parkways and their intersections and
interchanges. It also charts the rail and bus routes within the city and its environs. Thus, it is in this plan that all lines of transport
and communication are integrated for the circulation of men and material in and about the metropolitan area.
As the city develops, this plan will become the reference for improvements and extensions of the circulation system. The
authorities have to only make precise plans for additional rail and road passengers and goods.
The plan for circulation and the plan for efficient land use require integration. They may also require occasional modification.
These two are intertwined so strongly that modification in one will lead to changes in another
BENEFITS OF METROPOLITAN PLANNING

Metropolitan
Region

Metropolitan
City
INDIAN CITIES AND THEIR GROWTHS (METROPOLITAN AREA)
METROPOLITAN PLANNING IN INDIA
1.National Capital Region- Delhi

2.Mumbai Metropolitan Region

3.Bangalore Metropolitan Region

4.Kolkata Metropolitan Region

5.Chennai Metropolitan Region

6.Pune Metropolitan Region

7.Hyderabad Metropolitan Region

8.Vishakapattanam Metropolitan Region

NCR – National Capital Region

Planning process :

Regional plan

Functional plans

District plans Sub-Regional plans

Master/Development plans

Project plans
Establishment year : 1985
Planning authorities :
National Capital Region Planning Board.

Objectives :
•To promote growth and balanced development of National capital through
•Providing suitable economic base for future growth in identified regional NCR Constituents areas :
settlements.
•Promoting sustainable development State ( Area in Sq.Kms)
NCT– Delhi 1,483
•Providing rational landuse pattern Haryana 13,413
•Developing urban infrastructure facilities Uttar Pradesh 10,853
Rajasthan 7,823
•Minimizing adverse environmental impactC Total 33,578
 BMRDA – BANGALORE METROPOLITAN REGION DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

Planning process :

Project Initiation Existing

situation analysis

Review

Land capability
Analysis (ICA)

Establishment year : 1858 BMR Structure plan

Planning authorities:
•Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Implementation
•Total area : BMRDA 8,005 km2 (3,091 sq mi).
Objectives :
•The objective of the BMR Regional Plan-2031, is to address regional disparities and promote balanced regional development by
providing strategic policy framework for planning, management and development in the region without compromising on one, the
ecology and supporting parameters and two, ensuring inclusiveness and representation of the weaker sections of the society.
•Securing consistency between various local plans for contiguous or neighbouring areas by dovetailing exsisting plans and
providing the framework for future plans.
MMR – MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION

Planning authorities:
•The Mumbai metropolitan committee (MMPC)
•Mumbai Metropolitan Region Devlopment Authority (MMRDA)
Total area :
MMR – 6328 km sq.
Special planning authorities – 1244.95 km.sq
Urban local bodies (17 Muncipal corporations, 34 Census towns)- 1594.39 km.sq
Regional plans : Establishment year : 1974 Methodology :
•1973,
•1996, Regional plans
•2016,
•2036. Issues requiring planning
Interventions

Regional issues

Regional plan 2016-2036

Objectives : •Goals & Objectives
•Enable balanced Regional development. •Strategies
•Increase public transit connectivity in the region.
•Framework for addressing the housing problem.
•Create regional scale open space networks. Projection & Assessment
•Strengthening rural economy.
Proposals of the regional plan
HMR – HYDERABAD METROPOLITAN REGION
Establishment year : 2008

Planning authorities :
•Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA),
•Hyderabad Airport Development Authority (HADA),
•Cyberabad Development Authority (CDA) and
•Buddha Poornima Project Authority (BPPA).

Total area :
HMDA – 7,257 km (2,802 sq mi)
2

Districts : Hyderabad district, Medchal district, part of

Rangareddy district, Bhuvanagiri district, Sangareddy district,
Medak district and Siddipet district.

Objectives:
•HMDA was set up for the purposes of planning, co-
ordination, supervising, promoting and securing the
planned development of the
Hyderabad Metropolitan Region.
•It coordinates the development activities of the municipal
corporations, municipalities and other local authorities, the
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board,
the Telangana State Transmission Corporation, the
Telangana State Infrastructure Corporation.
PMR – PUNE METROPOLITAN REGION

Strategies for affordable housing

and slums.

Establishment year : 2015 Objectives:

Planning authorities : •Shaping a better tomorrow
•Pune Metropolitan Regional and Devlopment Authority (PMRDA). •Premium International Investment Destination
Total area : •Futuristic Approach Towards Urban Planning
PMRDA – 7,256.46 km 2
•Economically-Balanced Growth
Districts : Pune, Maval, Mulshi, Haveli and parts of Bhor, Daund, Shirur, •Environment Improvement & Sustainability
Khed, Purandar and Velhe.
VMR – VISHAKHAPATNAM METROPOLITAN REGION
Establishment year : 2018
Planning authorities :
•Vishakhapattanam Devlopment Authority.
•Vishakhapattanam Metropolitan Devlopment Authority.
•Town planning trust.
Total area :
VMRDA – 4873 km 2

Districts : Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram.

VMDA VMR

Objectives:
•Preparation and execution of Master plans.
•Coordination of development authorities
•Formulation of sector specific projects and its
implementation.
•Regulation and control of development through statutory
plans and other measures.
KMR – KOLKATA METROPOLITAN REGION

Establishment year : 1970

Planning authorities :
•Kolkata Metropolitan Development
•Authority (KMDA)
Total area :
KMDA – 1851.41 sq. km
Districts : North 24 Parganas district, South 24
Parganas district, Nadia district, Howrah district,
Hooghly district
Objectives:
•Devlopment plans for environment and wetlands, Urban amenities and
heritage, education and health
•The propose metropolitan plan is multi centered one with :
1 Metro centre, Metro sub centre, 15 Major centres, 5 Trans-Metro
systems, 15 new townships and 17 new Industrial growth centres.
KMDA has been preparing Perspective Plans periodically.
1.basic Development Plan: 1966-86 (BDP)
2.Development Perspective and a Four year Programme for KMD:
1976 (DPP)
3.Development Perspective Plan and Action Programme for KMD :
1987 (PSP)
4.A Perspective Plan for CMA: 2011
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR METROPOLITAN REGIONS OF INDIA
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METROPOLITAN CITIES

REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL

PARAMETERS PLANS PLANS PLANS PLANS PLANS PLANS PLANS PLANS PLANS
METROPOLITAN (MMR) (NCR) (CMA) (KMA) (BMR) (HMA) (AMA) (SMR) (PMR)

MUMBAI DELHI CHENNAI KOLKATA BANGLORE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD SURAT PUNE

LOCATION

CORE CITY AREA 438 1438 426 185 741 650 464 327 224

POPULATION 1,24,42,373 1,10,07,835 46,81,087 44,96,694 84,25,974 68,09,970 55,70,585 44,62,002 31,15,431

METROPOLITAN
AREA 4254 34144 1189 1887 1220 7100 7700 4255 9220

METROPOLITAN 2,28,04,355 1,63,14,838 86,96,010 1,43,84,585 84,99,399 77,49,334 63,52,254 45,85,367 50,49,968
AREA (UA)
10.3 4.3 35.8 9.8 60.7 9.2 6 7.7 2.4
SHARE OF CORE
CITY AREA
CORE CITY AREA CORE CITY AREA CORE CITY AREA CORE CITY AREA
METROPOLITAN AREA CORE CITY AREA METROPOLITAN AREA METROPOLITAN AREA CORE CITY AREA METROPOLITAN AREA CORE CITY AREA METROPOLITAN AREA CORE CITY AREA METROPOLITAN AREA CORE CITY AREA METROPOLITAN AREA METROPOLITAN AREA METROPOLITAN AREA

POPULATION
SHARE CORE 54.56 67.47 53.38 31.26 99.13 87.87 87.69 97.3 61.69
CITY TO METRO.
AREA
COMPLEXITY AND ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
CITY COMPLEXITY
Cities can be considered as “complex systems,” since they are characterized by multiple connected elements and by relations among
them that are not always recognizable.
Cities are massive systems whose tremendous complexity requires even greater efforts to be modeled, analyzed, understood and
governed. The city is the expression of a multitude of strongly intertwined systems that vary from people sociality to transport
systems, from the cultural fabric to urban planning.
Thus this complexities like
• Urbanization
• Urban sprawl
• Population growth
• Problem of depressed industrial and rural areas suffering from economic malaise (discomfort)
• Common natural resources
Leads to the need of metropolitan region planning.

Complexities of cities impact on national development

• Emergence of different political and cultural identities.
• Emergence of spatial problems like urban sprawl, inadequate infrastructure supply etc.
• Migrations to avoid congestion in the city

The problems that can be solved by metropolitan planning are

• The existence of different cultures and political identities. Metropolitan planning becomes a response to strong reason of
regionalism as well as an element of cohesion.
• Functional problems like urbanization etc. which can be spatially manifested can get resolved.
• Facilitating national and regional integration by bringing regions to be active participants in development effort.
• Mobilizing of local humans and financial resources ,governments and donors towards creation of economic opportunities in
different regions.
• Provision of essential link between national and local level plans
• Providing policies guiding framework to bot local and plans.
• Provides essential strategic cross cutting infrastructure linkages to facilitate inter and intra regional flow of trade,
communication etc.
Thus metropolitan regional plan helps in integrating urban and rural areas in different aspects
CITIES AS ECOSYSTEMS AND RESOURCES IN CITIES
Managing natural resources of cities
“Cities are ecosystems. And they're different because they have a built environment and they have a very, very dominant
species — people — that operate by different rules.
They are structurally complex ecosystems with highly heterogeneous and dynamic spatial structure that is created and
maintained by humans.
They include smaller settlements and industrial areas, that are made up of diverse patch types (e.g. buildings, paved
surfaces, transport infrastructure, parks and gardens, refuse areas). Urban ecosystems rely on large subsidies of imported
water, nutrients, food and other resources.

Difficulties
Urban ecosystems are complex and dynamic systems that encompass a wide range of living and nonliving components.
These components include humans, plants, animals, buildings, transportation systems, and water and energy
infrastructure. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, understanding urban ecosystems and how they function is
becoming increasingly important.

Population growth
Cities are home to more than half of the world's population, and the number of people living in urban areas is expected to
continue to grow in the coming decades. This rapid urbanization can have both positive and negative impacts. On the one
hand, cities can provide economic opportunities, access to healthcare and education, and a high quality of life for
residents. On the other, increased urbanization exacerbates the struggles of pollution, loss of green spaces, loss of
biodiversity, and more

Pollution
In many cities, air pollution levels are well above safe limits, and this can have serious implications for human health.
Pollution from vehicles, factories, and power plants can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and even cancer. In
addition to its impact on human health, air pollution can also damage buildings, corrode infrastructure, and harm plant
and animal life.

Dissolution of green spaces as a public resource

As cities grow, natural areas such as forests, wetlands, and grasslands are often replaced by buildings, roads, and other
forms of development. Lack of urban green spaces contribute to a reduction in air/water quality, mental and physical
health of residents, energy efficiency, and biodiversity.
Habitat fragmentation and loss of species diversity
Related to the dissolution of green space, habitat fragmentation refers to the way in which green spaces get divided by urban
development, making it impossible for some species to migrate between. The process, referred to as Genetic Drift, is essential to
[10]

maintaining the genetic diversity needed for species survival. [11]

Species diversity is also impacted by the introduction of non-native and invasive species from travel and shipping processes. Research
has found that heavily urbanized areas have a higher richness of invasive species when compared to rural communities. While not all
non-native or invasive species are inherently detrimental to a city, invasives can out-compete essential native species, cause
biotic homogenization, and introduce new vectors for new diseases. [12]

Urban heat lands

Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the variation in average temperature that occurs within an urban area due to current methods of
development. Patterns in UHIs cause disproportionate impacts of climate change, often creating extra burdens for the already
vulnerable. Extreme heat events, which occur more frequently in UHIs, can and do result in deaths, cardiopulmonary diseases,
reduced capacity for outdoor labor, mental health concerns, and kidney disease. The demographics most vulnerable to the negative
impacts of UHIs are senior citizens, and those without resources to cool off, such as air conditioners. [13]

Disease
Currently methods of urban development increase the risk of disease proliferation within cities as compared to rural environments.
Urban traits that contribute to higher risk are poor housing conditions, contaminated water supplies, frequent travel in and out,
survival success of rats, and intense population density that causes rapid spread and rapid evolution of the disease. [14]

Opportunities
Green and blue infrastructure
Green and blue infrastructure refers to methods of development that work to integrate natural systems and human made structures.
Green Infrastructure includes land conservation, such as nature preserves, and increased vegetation cover, such as vertical gardens.
Blue infrastructure would include stormwater management efforts such as bioswales.The process of LEED certification can be used to
establish green infrastructure practices in individual buildings. Buildings with LEED certification status report 30% less energy used
and economic and mental benefits from natural lighting. [16]

Public cities and walkable design

Beginning in earnest during the 1960, city planning in terms of transit centered around individual car use. Today, cars are still the
[17]

most dominant form of transportation in urban areas. One effective solution is an improvement to public transportation. Expanding
bus or train routes and switching to clean energy use address the issues of air quality, noise pollution, and socioeconomic equity. [18]

Another opportunity to reduce carbon emissions and increase population health would be the implementation of the walkable city
model in urban planning. A walkable city is strategically planned to reduce distance traveled in order to access resources needed such
as food and jobs.