AS 501

URBAN PLANNING
MODULE 5
Planning Process & Implementation in India:
➢ Urbanization in India.
➢ Contents of Perspective plan, Regional Plan, Development plan, Local area plan etc
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and their inter relationships.
➢ Process of plan preparation
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➢ Surveys for plan preparation
➢ Major forms of land use regulation and control in India
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 Urbanization in India
• Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the decrease in the
proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this
change
• Urbanization in India began to accelerate after independence, due to the country’s
adoption of a mixed economy, which gave rise to the development of the private sector.
• Urbanization is taking place at a faster rate in India. Population residing in urban areas in
India, according to 1901 census, was 11.4%. This count increased to 28.53% according to
2001 census, and crossing 30% as per 2011 census, standing at 31.16%.
• According to a survey by UN State of the World Population report in 2007, by 2030,
40.76% of country’s population is expected to reside in urban areas.
• As per World Bank, India, along with China, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the United States, will
lead the world’s urban population surge by 2050.
CAUSES OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA
• Migration of people from Pakistan after partition of India
• Industrial Revolution
• Eleventh five year plan that aimed at urbanization for economic development of India
• Better Economic opportunities – Education, Employment
• Infrastructure facilities in urban areas
• Growth of private sector after 1990
CONSEQUENCE OF URBANIZATION
• Creation of slums
• Non uniform population distribution
• Congestion & Over crowding in urban areas
• Housing shortage
• Disparity of income
• Diversity
• Weakens bonds between neighbours
• High population density
• Haphazard development
• Pollution
• Urbanisation implies the rigorous push of people from villages to city centers due to
various reasons and the concentration of people in the urban centers coupled a lot of
problems regarding the basic amenities.
• A large number of urban poor in India are migrated from rural areas and they migrated
in search for jobs and are intermittently employed without any job security.
• Eleventh five year plan had a major role in urban growth in India. In Eleventh Five Year
Plan , urbanisation seen as a positive factor in overall development as urban sector
contributes to about three-fifth of the GDP.
ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012) – INCLUSIVE GROWTH
• The Eleventh Plan includes several inter-related components: rapid growth that reduces
poverty and creates employment opportunities, access to essential services in health and
education especially for the poor, equality of opportunity, empowerment through
education and skill development, employment opportunities underpinned by the National
Rural Employment Guarantee, environmental sustainability, recognition of women’s agency
and good governance.
Planning System framework

Perspective Plan

Regional Plan

Development Plan

Local Area Plan Special Purpose Plan

Annual Plan
PLANNING SYSTEM SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF PLAN TIME FRAME VARIOUS PLANS
Perspective Plan To develop vision and provide a policy framewor 20-30 years • Long Term Perspective Vision
k for urban & regional document
development and further detailing • Concept plan
• Mission statement

Regional Plan To identify the region and regional 20 years • Regional Plan
resources for development within which settlement ( • Sub‐regional plan
urban and rural) plan to be prepared and regul
ated by DPC.

• District Development Plan

Development plan To prepare a comprehensive 20-30 years • City/ Metropolitan Development Plan
Development Plan for urban areas, (review every 5 • Master Plan (30 years )
Peri‐urban areas under control of Development aut years) • Revised Development Plan
hority/ Metropolitan Planning Committee.

Local Area plan To detail the sub‐city land 5-20 years • Town planning schemes
use plan and integration with urban (review every 5 • Zonal plan/sub-city plans
infrastructure, mobility and services. years) • Ward committee plans
• Coastal zone management plan
• Urban development plan
 PERSPECTIVE PLAN

Duration: -20-30 Years

Vision and Mission:- Direction of growth / Identification of resource potential / Innovations for
thrust areas.

Vision may refer to the end stage, the mission should clearly focus on the steps to be
undertaken to achieve the end stage.

Purpose:- Guide for regional development authorities and urban local government authorities
for the preparation of Regional and Development /Master plans.
 PERSPECTIVE PLAN

• Perspective planning refers to long term planning where targets are fixed for long period
say 15 to 25 years.
• But it does not imply one plan for the complete period. In a true sense, broader objectives
are to be achieved in a fixed period by dividing the perspective plan into short-run plans
of 4 to 6 years.
• Perspective planning is a blueprint regarding the objectives and targets of long run
growth.
• The long run objectives are so divided into short-run that one by one all the objectives are
achieved in the long long-run.
• For instance in India, under five years plans, the objectives of employment and national
income have been determined on the basis of short and long-run.
 PERSPECTIVE PLAN
CONTENTS OF A PERSPECTIVE PLAN

1. Existing Scenario
2. Project requirement / Quantum of land suitable
3. Planning studies- Physical, Social, Economical, and Environmental.
4. Economy and employment levels
5. Housing stock and housing shortage
6. Transportation analysis
7. Infrastructure- Water, Sewage, Electricity, New technologies.
8. Alternate sources of energy
9. Resource base
10. Man power resource
 REGIONAL PLAN
• Regional Plan is to be prepared for the area identified as formal or functional region, which
could be state/ inter – state/ district/ inter – district, investment region or special area.
• If region so identified is inter‐state, all such states will need to prepare subregional
plans for their respective areas
• Key contents to be included in a regional plan:
1. Introduction of the Region
2. Analysis of regional resources
3. Projected requirements
4. Major proposals and projects
5. Implementation Plan

Formal region- Geographical area with well defined boundaries that share a common attribute such as
language,culture,religion,economic activity etc (Eg:Mumbai,North east)
Functional region –An area centered on a node,focal point or central hub surrounded by interconnecting
linkages.(Eg:Metropolitian area,Mega city)
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION
➢About the Region
➢Constituted areas: Region, Sub‐region, Functional areas, Growth centres etc.
➢Ratio of Urban and Rural development
➢Region Morphology
2. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL RESOURCES & PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
• Physical setting
➢ Administrative profile
➢ Connectivity and Economic linkages

• Geography of the Region

➢ Topography
➢ Geology & Geomorphology
➢ Hydrology (Surface and Ground water)
➢ Climate
➢ Minerals & Resource mapping
➢ Study of State Land Utilisation Policy
2. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL RESOURCES & PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

• Demography (Region and Sub‐region wise)

➢ Population and its distribution
➢ Population density
➢ Age‐sex composition and literacy rate (trend analysis)
➢ Growth of population (natural and migratory)
➢ Population projection based on scenarios

• Settlement pattern
➢ Urban and Rural settlement
➢ Peri‐urban areas and analysis of existing key developments
➢ Hierarchy of settlements
➢ Density of settlements
2. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL RESOURCES & PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

• Transportation
➢ Mode of transportation ‐ by road, rail, air, water as the case may be
➢ Network of roads, railways, waterways and their interrelationship with major activity
nodes - Traffic volume , Pattern of movement
➢ Transport Corridors & Terminals

• Physical and Socio Economic linkages

Social Infrastructure
➢ Education
➢ Health care (multi‐speciality hospitals, health centres)
➢ Recreational
➢ Religious
➢ Gap assessment and requirement for the projected population
2. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL RESOURCES & PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Physical Infrastructure
➢ Water
➢ Energy
➢ Drainage
➢ sanitation and refuse
➢ solid waste disposal
➢ Communication
➢ Police protection, fire protection
➢ Disaster Management cell
➢ Cremation and graveyards
➢ Gap assessment and requirement for the projected population
2. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL RESOURCES & PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Heritage & Tourism

➢ Flow of Tourist (season wise and origin wise)
➢ Mapping of Natural heritage and Man‐made heritage
➢ Tourism infrastructure analysis and gap assessment

Economic activity and Fiscal policy

➢ Major Economic sectors
➢ Distribution of workforce in formal and informal sector
➢ Workforce participation ratio
➢ Occupational structure
➢ Economic nodes
2. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL RESOURCES & PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Shelter
➢ Housing scenario
➢ Housing stock & supply
➢ Housing need assessment including typologies
➢ Low cost housing
➢ Night shelters
➢ Slum settlements
2. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL RESOURCES & PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
• Environment
➢ Agro‐climatic zone
➢ Eco‐sensitive zones‐ Protected or restricted areas such as National parks and
Wildlife sanctuaries and eco‐sensitive buffers around it
➢ Rivers, water bodies and wetland
➢ Groundwater
➢ Coastal/ Hill zone, if any
➢ Green & Forest cover
➢ Urban Heat Island
➢ Biodiversity
➢ Environmentally Sensitive areas‐ Hazard prone zones such as earthquake, floods/ flas
h floods, high winds, cyclone, fire, land slide, tsunami, vulnerability and risk assessment
of the region.
➢ Pollution levels of water, soil, land, air
➢ Other threat to Natural environment
3. MAJOR PROPOSALS AND PROJECTS
• Regional policy & Development strategy:
➢ Policy for zones of development
➢ Growth poles & Satellite townships: strategy of development of settlement system
➢ Recommendations on Urban centre jurisdiction changes, if any
➢ Development corridors and TOD zones
➢ Economic activity and fiscal policy
➢ Major economic thrust sectors & its identified markets (focus on encouraging eco
nomic activities for formal and informal for women empowerment)

• Regional landuse and Development Controls:

➢ Landuse proposal: built‐up area, agriculture, protected areas, waste lands, water
bodies etc. conforming with State Land Utilisation Policy and State Perspective Plan
➢ Proposed hierarchy of settlements: Priority towns and Counter magnet areas
➢ Major economic hubs and industrial estates/ parks for cluster development
➢ Development Control Regulations for various regional uses
3. MAJOR PROPOSALS AND PROJECTS
• Regional infrastructure:
➢ Mobility: Transportation proposal at Regional level (including locations for integrated
freight complexes, multi modal hubs among others)
➢ Major proposed institutional areas and policy on its location in peri‐urban areas
➢ Proposals for other infrastructures for water supply, sanitation, decentralised treat
ment and for health, education at regional level (proposal to ensure that facilities and
infrastructure are easily accessible to female population and differently abled / physi
cally challenged / disabled).
➢ Earmark spaces and norms for services like communication (postal and telephone), prot
ection (police, fire) and others at regional level
➢ Preferred locations for power generating activities
➢ Preferred locations and norms for regional landfill site. Strategy to minimize waste gen
eration by encouraging Zero‐Waste disposal

• Disaster Risk Mitigation measures: as per NDMA guidelines

3. MAJOR PROPOSALS AND PROJECTS
• Tourism:
➢ locations for promotion (even if seasonal) and proposed circuits including strategies to
promote green mobility (walking, cycling, public transport) for tourism

• New and Modified Policies:

➢ Alignment with State Policies for Environmental, Land Utilisation Policy etc.
➢ Plan for Slum free City
➢ Rationalization of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for villages/ transitional towns
➢ Policy on Tribal Settlements
➢ Proposals for MSME clusters or recommendations for separate studies
➢ Policy and action plan for decentralisation/ dispersal of hazardous and polluting indust
ries and allocation of suitable land for industries clusters
➢ Policy and priorities for informal residential areas/ slums and unauthorised colonies.
➢ Other Issues that need New Policies, Incentives and disincentives.
3. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

➢ Implementation strategies for the region for land and resource mobilisation
➢ Co‐ordination of local bodies and authorities and integrated management struct
ure for the region
➢ Estimation of the Fiscal requirement phase‐wise and source of fund. Specifying
projects to be taken up under PPP
➢ Capacity building for manpower and preparation of its work plan as per Stat
e policy
➢ Priorities of the developmental projects and further detailing of plans
➢ Framework of monitoring and its mechanism
 DEVELOPMENT PLAN

•Duration: - 20-30 Years

•While preparing Development Plan, special attention must be paid on safety, security and par
ticipation of women, the elderly, and other segments of society requiring special needs
•The Development plan should contain the following major heads:
1. Existing Conditions and Development Issues
2. Assessment of Deficiencies and Projected Requirements
3. Vision and Mission
4. Development Proposals
5. Implementation Plan
1. EXISTING CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
Location, Regional setting, Connectivity, History, Climate,
Background
Topography, Geology.

Population, Distribution, Growth, Migration, Floating population,

Demographic Profile
Age-sex composition, Density, Work force.

Existing land use, Developable, Non-developable, Zoning, Land

Land Profile
development.

Legal framework, Institutional framework, Policy issues, Sources

Administration Profile
of revenue, Grievances.

Primary ( Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture, Forestry, Mining)

Economic profile Secondary (Industries, Manufacturing, House hold industries,
Construction)
Tertiary (Trade, Tourism, Govt. services, Transport, Hotels, Banking,
Insurance)
1. EXISTING CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
Transportation: Mode of transportation, Corridors, Terminals,
Infrastructure profile Facilities, Pedestrian/Bicycle, Goods movement, Parking,
Signage,
Social: Education, Healthcare, Recreation, Religious, Socio-
cultural, Police, Fire
Physical: Water supply, Drainage, Energy, Communication.
Environmental profile Water bodies, Green/forest, Eco-sensitive zones, Coastal, Hill,
Pollution, Disaster management.

Shelter Existing scenario, Housing stock, Supply, Shortage, Public

housing, Slums, Schemes, Low cost housing, Affordable housing.

Land use, Historical, City growth, Infrastructure, Environmentally

Maps and Plans
sensitive, Disaster.

Gap analysis Existing conditions and project requirements, Issues

2. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Population Projected population – 20-30 years (5 years split up),

Composition, Floating population

Economic base and Commercial areas, Work force, Proposed trade and commerce,
Development Formal and informal sectors.

Shelter Housing need and requirements, Informal sector, Slum up

gradation.

Transportation Mass transport systems, Proposed networks, Travel demands,

Projected parking, Facilities.
2. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Physical Infrastructure Water, Drainage, Sewage, Power.

Social Infrastructure Educational, Civic, Healthcare, Recreational, Religious,

Cultural, Cremation /Burial spaces.

Residential, Commercial, Manufacturing, Public and semi public,

Land use requirements
Open spaces, parks and play grounds, Transport, Agriculture,
Water bodies, Special areas.
3. VISION AND MISSION

Existing conditions, Stakeholder consultation, Sustainability technology, Resources, Future

requirements

Theme for the vision

Green Compact Dense Tourist Industrial Heritage Educational

City City City City City City Hub
4. DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS
Proposed land use plan, Zoning regulations
Land Use Plan

Mass transportation, TOD, Comprehensive mobility

Comprehensive Mobility Plan plan

Infrastructure Plan Physical and Social infrastructure

Special area Plan Heritage, Eco-sensitive, Hazard zones, vulnerable

population.

Development promotion Rule and

Acts, Rules, Regulations
Regulations
Existing, Proposed, Land use, Infrastructure,
Annexure Special areas
5. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Priorities Essential/ Necessary/ Acceptable, Desirable/ Deferrable.

Phasing 5 year plans, Review, Targets

Land resource mobilization Approaches for land pooling and development

Investment strategy Proposal for fiscal resources, internal revenues, Grants,

Institutional finance, Private sector.
 LOCAL AREA PLAN
Once the Development plan is prepared, its proposals can be further implemented by
preparing Local Area Plan.
This plan can be either Zonal Development plan or Local Area Scheme.

Contents of a Local Area Plan

1. Introduction
2. Site background and Analysis
3. Conceptual framework
4. Proposals and Development strategy.
Contents of a Local Area Plan

5. Conservation and Improvement of Environment

6. Compliance of Government Policies
7. Zoning Regulations
8. Development Regulations
9. Resource Mobilization and Implementation
10. Implementation framework
11. Annexures.
PLANNING PROCESS
 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
❖Information or data can be divided in to two types: Primary data and Secondary data

Primary Data Secondary Data

Collected first hand by the Investigator, thus

Second hand data, initially collected by some
through Primary survey.
other investigator for other purpose but later
Collected for the first time and are always
on used by an investigator for his/her
given in the form of raw material and original
purpose.
in character.

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES: Type of Primary Surveys

1. Visual survey / Reconnaissance survey 2. Inspection
3. Personal interview/dialogue 4. Self survey
1. VISUAL SURVEY / RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

This survey does not require contact with population of the study area. It is a quick overview of the
area.

This type of survey can be used in the initial stages of the investigation, often after preparing the
initial check list

Functions of Visual Survey

▪ Familiarize with study area

▪ Give initial impression of the physical and social state of an area
▪ Identify selected areas for further investigation.
▪ Generate ideas for development of detailed check list.
2. INSPECTION

It involves direct/indirect inspection of area by surveyor for extracting information

Direct inspection Indirect inspection

Instead of getting direct information on the variable,

surveyors rely on observing approximations known
It can be used for traffic
as proxies.
surveys, housing quality
A proxy is used to inform about a variable without
studies.
direct investigation, instead investigating its key
indicators.
3. PERSONAL INTERVIEW / DIALOGUE

This survey is more personal and could be either face to face or telephonic.

Focused group discussion: Focused group discussion is a qualitative data collection and research
technique. Questions about opinions, perceptions, beliefs, attitude of people towards planning
aims, services are probed in these discussions.

4. SELF SURVEY
In this survey indirect contact is made with the respondent by sending questionnaire through mail or
survey forms handed out or inserted in the news papers, but the response is not collected on the
spot.

Limitations: It has various limitations; like responses can be low and unsatisfactory.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Secondary data are those, which have already been collected by someone other than the
investigator himself.

These are usually compiled and processed information but are relatively less accurate than the
primary data.

SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA

Published Sources :
1. Published reports of Central or State government or Local bodies
2. Statistical abstracts and Census reports
3. Official publications of the Governments
4. Journals, Magazines and Periodicals
5. Reports submitted by Governments and Organizations
6. Published works of Universities and Research institutions.
Unpublished Sources
1. Records maintained Private firms, which may not have been published due to business discretion.
 Surveys
A Survey is defined as research method used for collecting data from pre defined group of
respondents to gain information and insights on various topics of interest.

Surveys have a variety of purposes and can be carried out in many ways depending on the
methodology chosen and the objectives to be achieved.

TYPES OF SURVEY (SECTORS)

1. Socio Economic Survey
2. Land Use/ Utilisation Survey
3. Density Survey
4. Infrastructure Survey
5. Transportation Survey
SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY
• Concerned with collection of socio economic data – human population size, growth,
density etc.
•The survey is conducted to understand the current socio demographic characteristics of a
specific area and also projection of future population.

LAND USE/ UTILISATION SURVEY

• Land use survey is conducted to identify the developed and undeveloped areas

DENSITY SURVEY
• Density survey is conducted to understand the relationship between built up area and
population density.
•It is taken up for assessment of infrastructure requirements, to reduce congestion, approp
riate availability of land for specific activities and services required by residents for goo
d quality of life.
INFRASTRUCTURE SURVEY
•Infrastructure survey includes the survey of existing infrastructure within and sur
rounding the study area in terms of its population
•The result of infrastructure survey is compared to benchmarks provided by
Government authorities.
• Such survey includes physical as well social infrastructure.
•Key parameters to be assessed in the survey are capacity, utilisation, gap
assessment, issues associated as well as technology
TRANSPORTATION SURVEY
Survey Name Purpose

Inventory of road To appreciate the physical characteristics of the identified road network – right
network system of way, carriage way, surface type, abutting land use
Speed and Delay To identify the running speed, travel time, delay causing factors
Survey
Traffic Volume Survey To identify the traffic characteristics, Traffic volume, circulation of traffic
Origin and Destination To appreciate the desired patterns of passenger and goods traffic
(OD) Survey
Mobility Survey To elicit travel characteristics of the household (total trips, purpose of trips,
mode used etc)
Parking Survey To assess the parking characteristics in terms of parking duration and assess
future levels of demand
Pedestrian Survey Level of service of the pedestrian system and need for additional pedest
rian facilities
Terminal studies Physical characteristics of the terminal, operational characteristics in term
s of flow of vehicles/good/people, parking characteristics
 MAJOR FORMS OF LAND USE REGULATION AND
CONTROL IN INDIA
There are six major forms of land use regulation and control in India.
The forms are:
1. Zoning
2. Sub-Division Regulations
3. Building Regulation
4. Rent Control
5. Subsidies
6. Density Charges.
 MAJOR FORMS OF LAND USE REGULATION AND
CONTROL IN INDIA
ZONING
•Zoning is the demarcation of a city by ordinances and the establishment of regulations to govern
the use of the zoned land.
•It also includes general rules about location, bulk, height, and the plot shape, use and converge
of structures within each zone.

SUB-DIVISION REGULATIONS
•Sub-division regulations govern the use of raw land for residential or other purposes
• They prescribe standards for plot sizes and layout, street improvements, procedures for
dedicating private land to public purposes

BUILDING REGULATION
Building regulation limit or define the way new structures are to be built and the materials to be
use
Originally there were three main reasons for such regulation viz., fire protection, structural safety
and sanitation
 MAJOR FORMS OF LAND USE REGULATION AND
CONTROL IN INDIA
RENT CONTROL
objective is to prevent landlord from driving up the prices of available housing to a level that
middle and lower income families can barely afford to pay
In total contrast to the objective outlined, the rent control leads to lowering the quality of housing
stock and reduces the supply of housing stock.

SUBSIDIES
Subsidy is provided to induce people to occupy sites in urban locations that they would have
otherwise shunned.
 MAJOR FORMS OF LAND USE REGULATION AND
CONTROL IN INDIA
DENSITY CHARGES
If the aim is to preserve undeveloped areas or restrict urban sprawl density charges may be used.
Density charges are charges that vary with density of structures and buildings in an area.
If the new proposed buildings are in an area already densely filled with buildings, no charge
may be levied.