CHEMICAL REACTIONS

AND EQUATIONS
• Module_01
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
 INTRODUCTI
ON

Milk is left at room temperature

during summers
 An iron tawa/pan/nail is left
exposed to humid atmosphere.
Grapes get fermented
Food is cooked
Food gets digested in
our body.
We respire
In all the above situations, the nature and the identity of the
initial substance have somewhat changed.
Whenever a chemical change occurs, we can say that a
chemical reaction has taken place.
 Conclusion
Activity
What
Hold
As
Cleanit ado
we
CAUTION: you
have
with observe?
aobserved
This
pair
magnesium that needs
Activity
ofribbon
tongs.magnesium
aboutthe teacher’s
2 cm long by
ribbon burns
assistance.
rubbing with
It would
it with a be
dazzling white
better if
sandpaper. students wear
Burn it using a spirit lamp or burner and
flame.
eye protection.
collect the ash so formed in a watch-glass
 It changes into a white powder.
as shown in
 This powder is magnesium oxide.
 It is formed due to the reaction between
Tongs
magnesium and oxygen.
Magnesium
ribbon

Bunsen
burner
Magnesium
oxide
 Activity
 Yellow coloured precipitate of lead iodide
is formed.

Test tube

Lead nitrate
iodide
solution

Potassium
iodide

Test tube stand

 Conclusion
Activity
 Formation of bubbles(Evolution of gas)
 Heat is given out (change of temperature)
 Change of state

Cork

Glass tube

Conical flask

H2 gas

Dilutegranules
Zinc sulphuric
Test tube stand acid
dilute H2SO4
1 From the above
Change three activities, we can say
in state
that any of the following observations
helps us to determine whether a chemical
2 Change
reaction has takeninplace
colour
–

3 Evolution of a gas

4 Change in temperature

5 Formation of precipitate
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_02
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
Change in state
Change in colour
Evolution of a gas
Change in temperature
Formation of a precipitate
 VALENCY
OH – Hydroxide CHART Cd2+ – Cadmium
–
Cl– – Chlorid Ca2+ – Calcium
Br– – eBromid Mg2+ – Magnesium
I– – eIodide Hg2+ – Mercury
NO3– – Nitrat Zn2+ – Zinc
sab ki sab ki
HCO – – eBicarbonat Ba2+ – Bariu valency
3 valency
e
AlO2– – Aluminate O2– – m
Oxide hai 2
hai 1
Ag+ – Silver S2– – Sulphide
CrO4 –
2–
Chromat
Na+ – Sodium CO32– – e
Carbonate
H+ – Hydroge SO42– – Sulphate
K+ n
– Potassium ZnO22– – Zincate
Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) both of them have variable valency
Copper - 1, 2 Iron - 2, 3 but
but Aluminium (Al) ki valency hai fixed 3
NH4+ - Ammonium 1, Pb2+ - Lead - 2
 CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
A simple representation of a
chemical reaction in words is called
a word equation.
Arrow indicates
•to yield
•shows the direction

Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide

Left Hand Side Right Hand Side

(L.H.S)
Reactants (R.H.S)
Products
A chemical equation is a short-hand
form for a chemical change.
Arrow indicates
•to yield
•shows the direction

Mg + O2 MgO

Left Hand Side Right Hand Side

(L.H.S)
Reactants (R.H.S)
Products
If the number of atoms of each element on the both sides is same then it is balanced
So above reaction is example of skeletal chemical equation.
equation else equation is unbalanced or skeletal chemical equation.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN WRITING CHEMICAL
EQUATION
LHS RHS
1) Reactants: _______ and Products: _______
ARROW
2) Reactants and Products: separated by an __________
3) 2 or more reactants /products: separated by
PLUS(+)SIGN
______________
ON ARROW
4) Conditions: mentioned _____________
PHYSICAL STATES of reactants and product:
5) ____________________
to make reaction more informative

∆
Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s)
(s) (g) (s)

Reactants Product
s
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_03
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS :
Mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. That is,
the total mass of the elements present in
the products of a chemical reaction has
to be equal to the total mass of the
elements present in the reactants.

A + B AB

Total mass of elements Total mass of elements

=
in the reactants in the products
 As the number of
atoms
 As per of
lawelement
of is
the same on the
conservation both :
of mass
sides of the arrow.
Hence it is a balanced
chemical equation.
Zinc + Sulphuric acid Zinc + Hydrogen
Zn + H2S O44
SO sulphate
ZnSO44
ZnSO + H2

Reactants Products
ElementNumber
(LHS)
of atoms (RHS)
Number of atoms
Zn 1 1
H 2 2
S 1 1
O 4 4
 Step I
 Draw boxes around each
formula
Step II
 List the number of atoms
of different elements

Fe + H 2O Fe3O4 + H2

Reactants (LHS) Products

(RHS)
Element Number of atoms Number of atoms
Fe 1 3
H 2 2
O 1 4
Step III
 We
For can not alter
example
Start the
to balance
balancing the
formulae
oxygen
compound of that
atomsthe wecompounds
can put
contains
or elements4no
coefficient
maximum to equalise
asof
4H the
2O and
atoms
 number
not
To H of atoms.
2O4 or (H
balance the2O)
oxygen
Fe O
4
atoms. 3 4

Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + H2

Atoms of oxygen In reactants In products

(i) initial 1in H2O 4 in (Fe3O4)
(ii) To balance 1x4 4
Step IV
 Let us balance hydrogen
atoms in the partly
balanced equation.

Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2

Atoms of In reactants In products

hydrogen
(i) initial 8 (in 4 H2O) 2 ( in H2)
(ii) To balance 8 2x4
Step V
 Let us balance Iron
atoms in the partly
balanced equation.

3 Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2

Atoms of Iron In reactants In products

(i) initial 1 (in Fe) 3 ( in Fe3O4)
(ii) To balance 1x3 3
Step VI
 Check the correctness of
the balanced equation.
 This method of balancing
chemical equations is
called hit -and-trial
method.

3 Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2
 Step VII
 The physical states of the
reactants and products
are mentioned along with
their chemical formulae.
 The gaseous, liquid,
aqueous and solid states
of reactants and products
are represented by the
notations (g), (l), (aq) and
(s).

So the balance equation becomes

3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)
 Step VIII
 Sometimes the reaction
conditions, such as
temperature, pressure,
catalyst, etc., for the
reaction are indicated
above and/or below the
arrow in the equation.

For example
340 atm
CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) CH3OH (I)

Sunligh
6 CO2 (aq) + 12 H2O (I) t C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (aq) + 6 H2O (I)
Chlorophyl
l
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_04
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS

We have learnt that during a chemical reaction atoms of one element do not
change into those of another element.
Nor do atoms disappear from the mixture or appear from elsewhere.
Actually, chemical reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds
between atoms to produce new substances.
 BURNING OF
COAL

O CO
C2 O

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

Carbo Oxygen Carbon
n dioxide
 FORMATION OF
WATER

H HO
2O H

 One atom of oxygen

combines with two
atoms of hydrogen to
form water molecule.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Hydroge Oxygen Water
n
 COMBINATION
REACTION

A + B AB

A chemical reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a

Single product, is called COMBINATION REACTION.
 CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq)
Quick lime Water Slaked lime

30o
25°
Water

Slaked
lime oxide
Calcium
  A solution of slaked lime produced is used for
white washing walls.
 Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with the
carbon dioxide in air to form a thin layer of
calcium carbonate on the walls.
 Calcium carbonate is formed after two to three
days of white washing and gives a shiny finish
to the walls.
 It is interesting to note that the chemical
formula for marble is also CaCO3.

Ca (OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(I)

Calcium hydroxide Carbon Calcium carbonate Water
dioxide
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_05
 EXOTHERMIC
REACTION
I. Burning of natural gas :

Reactions in which heat is

released along with the
formation of products are called
exothermic chemical reactions.

CH4(s) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O (g) + Heat

Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Wate
r
i. Respiration reaction :

C6H12O6(aq) + 6 O2(aq) 6 CO2(aq) + 6H2O (l) + Energ

Sugar Oxygen Carbon dioxide Wate y
r
The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an
exothermic reaction.
Endothermic reaction
Fe(s) + S(s) + Heat FeS(s)
Iro Sulphur Iron
n sulphide
 Reactions in which heat is absorbed are
called endothermic chemical reactions.

Iron sulphide
Sulphur
Iron
Wire gauze

Tripod
stand
Burne
r
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_06
 DECOMPOSITION
REACTION

AB A + B

A chemical reaction in which a compound is split into two or more

simple substances is called as DECOMPOSITION REACTION.
 DECOMPOSITION
REACTION
Can take place under 3 conditions

HEA LIGHT ELECTRIC

T ENERGY ITY

Electrolysis of water
CaCO3(s) HeatHEATING
CaO(s)OF CALCIUM
+ CO2(g)
Calcium Calcium
CARBONATE Carbon
carbonate oxide dioxide
(Limestone) (Quick lime)

Used in Manufacturing
of cement

Carbon
dioxide gas

Turns
Calcium milky
oxide
carbonate Calcium hydroxide
Bunsen solution (lime
burner water)
2FeSO
FeSO4.7H HeaHeatFe 2OFeSO
3(S)+ 4SO O SO3(g)
2+
4(s) 2O 7H
+2(g)
Ferrous HEATING OF FERROUS
Green
Do not t mouth Ferric
point the of boiling Sulphur
Colourless Water Sulphur
sulphate SULPHATE
oxide dioxide trioxide
tube at your neighbours or
yourself.

Smell ?
Ferrous sulphate
oxide crystals

Bunsen burner
Brown
2 Pb(NO fumes Heat HEATING
2PbO(s) +OF4 NO
LEAD NITRATE
3)2(s 2(s) + O2(g)
of nitrogen
Lead nitrate oxide Lead oxide Nitrogen Oxygen
)
dioxide
A decomposition reaction carried out by heating is called as,
Thermal decomposition reaction.

Lead
Leadnitrate
oxide

Bunsen burner
 ∆
C12H22O11(s) 12 C(s) + 11 H2O(g)
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION REACTION
Carbon
Suga Water
r
indicates evolution
of gas

Test
tube

Sugar

Bunsen
burner
 So we conclude
A decomposition reaction carried out by heating is called as,
Thermal decomposition reaction.

HEATING OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE
HEATING OF FERROUS
SULPHATE
HEATING OF LEAD
NITRATE
HEATING OF SUGAR
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_07
 2AgBr(s Sunlight2 Ag(s) + Br2(g)
Silver
DECOMPOSITION
Silve
REACTIONS
Bromine DUE TO
)
bromide r LIGHT
2 AgCl(s) Sunligh 2 Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
Silver t Silver Chloride
chloride
Decomposition due to light is called
Photolysis.

Silver
bromide
Both these reactions are used in
black and white photography
during the process of developing.
Acidified
Decomposition
Uses Electricity
water is the
2 H2Oof(l) electrolysis:
due to water
2Hmixed
Electricity O2(g)
2(g) +
with
is fewElectrolysis.
Extraction
called
Water drops of acid
of metals like sodium,
Hydrogen Oxygen
aluminium electroplating
Acidified water is used to produce
ions (ionisation)
Oxyge Hydrogen
n
Test tube

Plastic mug
Graphite rod
Water

Rubber
stopper
Anode Cathode
Dilute Switch
sulphuric acid
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_08
 REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS
K Potassium Most reactive
Na Sodium
Ca Calcium
Mg Magnesium
Al Aluminium
Zn Zinc
Fe Iron
Pb Lead Reactivity decreases
[H Hydrogen
]
Cu Copper
Hg Mercury
Ag Silver
The arrangement of metals in
Au Gold Least the increasing or decreasing
reactive order of reactivity is called the
reactivity series of metals.
 DISPLACEMENT
REACTION

AB + C A + CB

When a more reactive element removes another (similar) element,

having less reactivity, from its compound, these reactions are termed
as DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS.
 CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Copper sulphate Iron Iron sulphate Coppe R
K Potassium
r Na Sodium E
A
Li Lithium
C
Ca Calcium T
I
Mg Magnesium
20 Mins V
Al Aluminium I
Zn Zinc T
Iron Y
Fe
Sn Tin
D
Pb Lead E
C
Cu Copper R
Copper sulphate
Ferrous sulphate Hg Mercury E
solution Ag Silver A
solution
S
Au Gold E
S
Sand
paper

Iron nail
 K Potassium R
Sodium E
Na A
Li Lithium
C
Ca Calcium T
I
Mg Magnesium V
Al Aluminium I
Zn Zinc T
Iron Y
Fe
Sn Tin
D
Pb Lead E
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) C
Zinc Copper Cu Copper
Zinc Coppe Mercury
R
Hg E
sulphate sulphate r Ag Silver A
S
Pb(s) + CuCl displaces PbCl2(aq + Cu(s)
Zinc 2(aq Au Gold E
S
Lea )
Copper
copper )
Lead Coppe
d chloride chloride r
Lead displaces copper
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_09
 DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
REACTION

A+B - + C+D- A +D - + C +B -

The
Any reactions
During double
reaction where
that a precipitate
displacement
produces is formed
reaction ancan
a precipitate by
be exchange
insoluble of ions
substance
called is form
a precipitation
betweenasthe
known
reaction. reactants, are examples of double displacement reactions.
precipitate.
 -
+ REACTION + -
BETWEEN BARIUM
-
+ CHLORIDE - SODIUM
+AND
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Sodium Barium SULPHATE
Barium Sodium
sulphate chloride sulphate chloride
(white ppt)

Test tube
containing Test tube containing solution of
solution of sodium sulphate
barium chloride
Precipitate is symbolized by an
arrow pointing downwards

+ - + - + - + -
BaS + ZnSO4 BaSO + ZnS
Barium Zinc Barium sulphate Zinc sulphide
4
sulphide sulphate (white ppt)
+ - + - + - + -
CuCl2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq) CuI2(s) + 2KCl(aq)
Copper chloride Potassium iodide Cupric iodide Potassium
(brown chloride
ppt)
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_10
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
REACTION
 OXIDATION
REACTION
2 Cu(s) + O2(g) CuO(s)
2
Coppe Oxygen Copper
r oxide
Copper is gaining oxygen to form copper oxide.

Copper
Copper powder
(II) oxide

China dish
Wire gauze

Tripod stand

Bunsen burner
Ethyl alcohol has lost hydrogen

Hence, oxidation is the gain of

oxygen or loss of hydrogen.

2 C2H5OH
H (l + 2 Na 2 C2H5ONa + H2
Ethyl
)
alcohol Sodium Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen gas
 REDUCTION
REACTION

Reduction is the loss of oxygen or

gain of hydrogen.

C + 2 H2 CH4 Hydrogen
Carbo Hydrogen Methane gain
n O O2 [O
3 +
Ozone Oxygen Nascent
] oxygen Oxygen lost
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_11
REDOX
REACTION
 REDOX REACTION

When oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously in a given

chemical reaction, it is known as REDOX REACTION.
CuO is changing to Cu H2 is changing to H2O
Oxygen is being removed Oxygen is being added to
from CuO hydrogen
Copper oxide is being Hydrogen is being
reduced to copper oxidised to water
CuO gives oxygen for H2 REMOVES
Oxidation oxygen
(O2 lost) Reduction
OXIDISING REDUCING
AGENT AGENT
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
(The substance which gives (The substance which
oxygen for oxidation is removes oxygen is called as
(O2 added) Oxidation
called an oxidising agent) reducing agent)
 (O2 lost) Reductio
OXIDISING n REDUCING
AGENT BaSO4 + 4 C BaS + 4C AGENT
O

(O2 added) Oxidation

 (O2 lost) Reductio
n
OXIDISING REDUCING
AGENT ZnO + C Zn + C AGENT
O
(O2 added) Oxidation
 (O2 lost) Reductio
OXIDISING n REDUCING
AGENT AGENT
HC
MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2
l
(O2 added) Oxidation
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• Module_12
 CORROSIO
N
The slow process of decay Due to effect of moisture a
or destruction of metal due layer of reddish brown colour
to the effect of air, is deposited over surface of
moisture, acids on it is iron, called rust. Its chemical
known as CORROSION. formula is Fe2O3.H2O.
Copper objects get coated with a
green substance called copper
carbonate with the passage of time.
This green substance is formed the
due to the reaction of copper with
carbon dioxide and moisture
present in the atmosphere.
Copper

Moisture and
Carbon dioxide
Silver objects become blackened
and lose their shining with the
passage of time.
This happens due to the reaction of
silver with hydrogen sulphide gas
present in the atmosphere.
Silver
 RANCIDIT
Y
When oil and fats
are oxidized or even
allowed to stand for
a long time, they
become RANCID.

Food smells foul and its taste changes.

 TO PREVENT
RANCIDITY
Food is placed in air Chips are stored in
tight container nitrogen as nitrogen is
least reactive

Antioxidants are used to prevention oxidation of food containing fats

and oils.
Food are also stored in refrigerator as low temperature reduces the rate
of reaction
It is also advised to store food away from sunlight, as sunlight can
increase the rate of reaction
Thank You