Liquefaction and Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence

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Liquefaction and

Earthquake-Induced
Ground Subsidence
What is an Earthquake?
 An earthquake is the sudden release of strain
energy in the Earth’s crust, resulting in
waves of shaking that radiate outwards from
the earthquake source.

 An earthquake – also called a quake, tremor,


or temblor – is the shaking of the Earth's
surface resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic
waves.
What will you do
during an Earthquake?
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:

 LIQUEFACTION

 EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE


What is Liquefaction?

 Liquefaction is a process by which water-saturated


sediment temporarily loses strength and acts like a
fluid.

 Liquefaction in soil occurs when vibrations from


seismic waves increase water pressure between
soil grains, transforming once cohesive soil into a
slurry of mud

(Soil liquefaction has always occurred with


earthquakes, but it really wasn’t until the 1960’s
that we began to understand the mechanics of it. )
Niigata, Japan Earthquake 1964
Is liquefaction same as
quicksand?

 During a liquefaction event, such


as that which could be produced
by an earthquake, soil particles, in
combination with the water
located in the pore spaces
between them, tend to behave
like quicksand.

 Quicksand is a specific type of


liquefaction that involves a
particular type of saturated soil,
often composed of fine sand, silt,
or clay particles. It is
characterized by its ability to trap
and engulf objects, including
humans.
What is SOIL LIQUEFACTION?
 Soil Liquefaction happens when ground shaking due to moderate
or intense earthquake results to the mixing of body of sediments
(sand or soil) and ground water, and as a consequence, the ground
becomes soft and could no longer support structures that will
eventually sink or tilt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_aIm5oi5eA
Mechanism of Soil Liquefaction
How it works?
 When the seismic waves pass through the soil, the
vibrations cause the individual grains in the soil to move
around and readjust their positions.
 This ultimately results in a decrease in volume of the soil
mass as the grains pack more tightly together a reduction
in porosity.
The pore water
which was
originally in those
spaces become
compressed.

The pore water


pressure becomes
so high, that the
soil grains become
almost floats.
Conditions that cause liquefactions
Loose, granular sediment or fill
Saturated by Groundwater
Strong shaking
Types of Soil Liquefaction
Flow Liquefaction
 Flow liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the static equilibrium
of the soil is destroyed by static or dynamic loads in a soil deposit
that has a low residual strength. Residual strength is the strength
of a liquefied soil.
 It occurs when the static shear stresses in the soil exceed the
shear strength of the liquefied soil
Flow
Liquefaction
disaster in
Lolu village,
Palau 2018 &
Aberfan
disaster 1966
Cyclic Mobility
 This phenomenon, triggered by cyclic loading, occurring in soil
deposits with static shear stresses lower than the soil strength.
 Deformation due to cyclic mobility develops incrementally
because of static and dynamic stress that exist during an
earthquake.
 Lateral spreading, a common result of cyclic mobility, can occur
on gently sloping and on flat ground lose to rivers and lakes
How to Identify liquefaction susceptibility in a soil?

1. Historical Criteria
 Observations from earlier earthquakes provide a great deal of information's
 Soil that have liquified in the past can liquify again in future earthquake
 Information is also available in the form of maps of areas where liquefaction has
occurred in the past and/or is expected to occur in the future.
2. Geological Criteria
 Saturated soil deposits that have been created by sedimentation in rivers and
lakes (fluvial or alluvial deposits)
 deposition of debris or eroded material (colluvial deposits)can be very
liquefaction susceptible.
3. Composition Criteria
 Soils composed of particle that are all about the same size are more
susceptible to liquefaction than soils with a wide range of particles.
 In a soil with many different size particle, the small particle tend to fill in
the voids between the bigger particles thereby reducing the tendency for
densification and pore water pressure development when shaken.
Effects of Liquefaction
1. Loss of bearing strength
 the ground can liquefy and lose its ability to support
structure.

2. Lateral Spreading
 The ground can side down very gentle slopes. It is
mainly caused by cyclic mobility. It causes damage to
foundations of buildings, pipelines, railway lines and
causes shaking at pile due to increased lateral loads.
3. Sand Boil
 Sand – laden water can be ejected from a buried
liquefied layer and erupt at the surface to form sand
volcanoes.
4. Flow Failures
 These failures commonly displace large
masses of soil laterally. Flows develop in
loose saturated sands or silts on relatively
steep slopes.
5. Flotation
 light structure that are buried in the ground can
float to the surface when they surrounded by
liquefied soil.
How to reduce liquefaction?
Earthquake-induced Ground Subsidence
 Subsidence - sinking of the ground
because of underground material movement
—is most often caused by the removal of
water, oil, natural gas, or mineral resources
out of the ground by pumping, fracking, or
mining activities.

 Ground subsidence is a phenomenon in


which the ground surface of a site settles or
depresses as a result of compaction induced
by an earthquake’s vibrations.

 Soil deformation ground subsidence usually


causes only minor damages to structures.
This damage may be in the form of cracks
and perhaps some tilting of the building.

 During earthquakes the ground may lower


due to land subsidence caused by vertical or
horizontal ground movements or a
combination of both
Causes of Ground Subsidence
Sinkhole
 A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground
caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.
 a saucer-shaped surface depression produced
when underlying material, such as limestone or
salt, dissolves or when caves, mines, etc. collapse
A sinkhole
appeared in middle
of an Illinois soccer
pitch that was laid
above a limestone
mine

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