B.

TECH FIRST YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

COURSE NAME: ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEM (EE1002)

COURSE CODE : EE 1002
LECTURE SERIES NO : 03 (THREE)
CREDITS : 04
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFF LINE (POWER POINT PRESENTATION)
FACULTY :
EMAIL-ID :
PROPOSED DATE OF DELIVERY: 23 Aug 2023 1
 “ TO UNDERSTAND
THE NON-
SESSION OUTCOME CONVENTIONAL
POWER GENERATION
METHODS”

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEM EE1002 2

ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ ASSESSMENT
MID TERM EXAMINATION –I
END TERM EXAMINATION
CRITERIA’S

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEM EE1002 3

 PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
CO1

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEM EE1002 4

 NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER
GENERATION LECTURE NO. 3

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEM EE1002 5

 CONTENTS

TOPICS:

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

2. SOLAR ENERGY
3. WIND ENERGY

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEM EE1002 6

 Renewable energy resources
 A renewable resource is defined as a natural resource that renews
itself at a rate that is faster, or equal to the rate of consumption.
 Renewable resources differ from resources that once depleted never
return, such as fossil fuels. Renewable resources can include
perpetually sustainable resources that never run out, such as solar
power.
 Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which
are renewable (naturally replenished).
 1. Solar Energy

The Earth receives an incredible supply of solar energy.

Solar energy is a free, inexhaustible resource.
Solar energy can be utilized directly by two technologies:
Solar thermal
Solar photovoltaic

8
 SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM
Solar collectors are used to collect the
solar energy and convert the incident
radiations into thermal energy by
absorbing them.
This heat is extracted by flowing fluid
(air or water or mixture with antifreeze)
in the tube of the collector for further
utilization in different applications.
The collectors are classified as
 Non concentrating collectors or Flat-
plate collector
 Concentrating (focusing) collectors 9
 Non-Concentrating Collectors
 In these collectors the area of collector to intercept the solar radiation is equal to the
absorber plate and has concentration ratio of 1.
 Flat Plate Collectors is most important part of any solar thermal energy system.
 It is simplest in design.
 Flat plate collector absorbs both beam and diffuse components of radiant energy.
 Sun rays striking the absorber plate are absorbed causing rise of temperature of
transport fluid.
 Thermal insulation behind the absorber plate and transparent cover sheets (glass or
plastic) prevent loss of heat to surroundings.
Non-Concentrating Collector
 Applications of flat plate collectors
1. Solar water heating systems for residence, hotels, industry.
2. Desalination plant for obtaining drinking water from sea water.
3. Solar cookers for domestic cooking.
4. Drying applications.
5. Residence heating.
 Concentrating Collectors
 Energy delivery temperatures can be increased by
decreasing the area from which the heat losses occur.
 Temperatures far above those attainable by FPC can
be reached if a large amount of solar radiation is
concentrated on a relatively small collection area.
 This is done by interposing an optical device between
the source of radiation and the energy absorbing
surface.
 Concentrating collector is a device to collect solar
energy with high intensity of solar radiation on the
energy absorbing surface.
 Such collectors use optical system in the form of
reflectors or refractors.
 The high temperature is achieved at absorber
because of reflecting arrangement provided for
concentrating the radiation at required location using
mirrors and lenses.
Concentrating
Collectors

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 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (SPV) SYSTEM
 SPV system convert solar energy
directly into electrical energy.
 Basic conversion device is SPV cell or
solar cell.
 A solar cell is basically an electrical
current source, driven by a flux of
radiation.
 Life span is about 20 years.
 To increase power, groups of solar
cells are electrically connected and
packaged into weather-tight modules
and arrays to provide useful output
voltages and currents for a specific 15
 A SPV System typically
consists of 3 basic
components.
 PV cells - Electricity is
generated by PV cells,
the smallest unit of a PV
system.
 Modules - PV cells are
wired together to form
modules which are
usually a sealed, or
encapsulated, unit of
convenient size for
handling. 16
Applications

 Space satellites
 Remote radio communication booster stations
 Marine warning lights
 Lighting
 Water pumping
 Medical refrigeration in remote areas
 Solar powered vehicles
 Battery charging
Working Principle of Solar Cell
 When light reaches the p-n junction, the light photons can easily
enter in the junction, through very thin p-type layer.
 The light energy, in the form of photons, supplies sufficient
energy to the junction to create a number of electron-hole pairs.
 The incident light breaks the thermal equilibrium condition of the
junction. The free electrons in the depletion region can quickly
come to the n-type side of the junction.
 Similarly, the holes in the depletion can quickly come to the p-
type side of the junction. Once, the newly created free electrons
come to the n-type side, cannot further cross the junction
because of barrier potential of the junction.
 Similarly, the newly created holes once come to the p-type side cannot
further cross the junction became of same barrier potential of the junction.
 As the concentration of electrons becomes higher in one side, i.e. n-type
side of the junction and concentration of holes becomes more in another
side, i.e. the p-type side of the junction, the p-n junction will behave like a
small battery cell.
 A voltage is set up which is known as photo voltage. If we connect a small
load across the junction, there will be a tiny current flowing through it.
 2. Wind Power
Power is generated from the wind by
converting the speed of the wind into
electricity.
The faster the wind travels, the more
electricity can be generated.
The main type of wind turbine design that
work to generate power are horizontal axis
wind turbine (HAWT).
Wind-power generation is the fastest
growing energy source.
20
 Wind turbines are good media for generating electricity from a clean and renewable resource for
our homes and businesses. It comes with a couple of advantages for both humans and the
 environment, namely
A wind turbine the following:
can harness a plentiful energy
source, wind.
 The use of wind electricity can cut our carbon
footprint because it doesn't release any harmful
gases or pollutants in the process of generating
electricity.
 The use of wind energy can cut our electricity bills
because wind is free, and thus, after the payment
for the initial installation, electricity costs will be
reduced.
 We can store energy even on a calm day. If our
houses are not connected to the power grid, we can
store the excess electricity produced from the wind
turbine in batteries and use it when there is no wind.
 We can sell electricity back to the grid, meaning if
our wind system is producing more than what we
need, someone else can use it, and thus, we can sell
it.
 Main Components of a Wind-turbine
• Rotor
• Transmission
• Generator
• Tower
• Gearbox-
• Control and protection
system-
• Foundation-

22
1. Rotor Main Components of a Wind-turbine
 The portion of the wind turbine that collects energy from the wind is called
the rotor.
 The rotor usually consists of two or more wooden, fiberglass or metal blades
which rotate about an axis (horizontal or vertical) at a rate determined by
the wind speed and the shape of the blades.
 The blades are attached to the hub, which in turn is attached to the main
shaft.
 It converts kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy through a
connected shaft.
2. Generator
 The generator is that converts the turning motion of a wind turbine's blades
into electricity.
 Inside this component, coils of wire are rotated in a magnetic field to
produce electricity.
 The generator's rating, or size, is dependent on the length of the wind
turbine's blades because more energy is captured by longer blades.
 It is important to select the right type of generator to match intended use.
3. Transmission
 The number of revolutions per minute (rpm) of a wind turbine rotor can
range between some limits, depending on the model and the wind speed.
 Most wind turbines require a gear-box transmission to increase the rotation
of the generator to the speeds necessary for efficient electricity production.
 Without a transmission, wind turbine complexity and maintenance
requirements are reduced, but a much larger generator is required to
deliver the same power output as the AC-type wind turbines.
4. Tower
 The tower is the main shaft that connects the rotor to the foundation. It
also raises the rotor height in the air where we can find stronger winds.
 With HAWT, the tower houses the stairs to allow for maintenance and
inspection.
 The tower is the part on which a wind turbine is mounted. It is not just a
support structure. It also raises the wind turbine so that its blades safely
clear the ground and so it can reach the stronger winds at higher
elevations.
 Towers must be strong enough to support the wind turbine and to sustain
vibration, wind loading and the overall weather elements for the lifetime
of the wind turbine.
 Their costs will vary widely as a function of design and height.
5. Gearbox-
The gearbox alters the rotational velocity of the shaft to suit the generator.
6. Control and protection system-
The protection system is like a safety feature that makes sure that the
turbine will not be working under dangerous condition. This includes a brake
system triggered by the signal of higher speeds to stop the rotor from
movement under excessive wind gusts.
7. Foundation-
The foundation or the base supports the entire wind turbine and make sure
that it is well fixed onto the ground or the roof for small household wind
turbines. This usually consists of a solid concrete assembly around the tower
to maintain its structural integrity.
Working
 A equipment found on the weather tight compartment at the top
of a tower of an HAWT, called nacelle.
 The slow rotation of the shaft of an HAWT is normally increased
with a gearbox and passed to the generator.
 Gearbox and generator are attached directly to the turbine shaft
though a braking system.
 The electricity produced from the generator is taken with cables
through the tower to a substation and eventually to the grid.
 The rotor, gearbox and generator are mounted on a platform
which is able to rotate or yaw about a vertical axis so that the
rotor shaft is perpendicular to the wind direction.
 THANK YOU

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SYSTEM EE1002 30