THERMAL PHYSICS

Created by : Hamza , Zohair

9C-Blue
 INTRODUCTION

What is meant by Thermal Physics?

It is the basically the study of Heat ,
Temperature and how they effect the
behaviors of molecules.
This also explains everyday
phenomenon like why cup of coffee
warms our hands (heat transfer)
KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER

Kinetic Model of matters is a model of continues

motion of Tiny Particles that are called Matter.
-These Atoms can also be broken down into smaller
pieces.
 - In Solid Particles are tightly packed together.
- The Arrangement of the particles are Regular.
- The molecules are only able to vibrate , not move due to the strong
force of Attraction.
- Solid has a fixed shape and Volume.
- Solids Cannot be compressed.

-In Liquids particles are little far compared to solid

- The particles can move freely due to the weak force of attraction
- Liquids don’t have fixed Shaped but got fixed Volume
- Liquids cannot me compressed.

-The Gas Particles are very far apart , As Force of Attraction between
molecules are very weak
-Particles can move freely and randomly
-Gas has no fixed shaped but has fixed volume
- They can be compressed due to the molecules being far apart from
each other.
 THERMAL EXPANSION

• Most Substances – Solid , liquid , Gas expand when they are

heated. When heated they increases the movement of molecules
inside and move them further apart , so the substance expands
in all directions.
• This is known as “Thermal Expansion”

USES OF THERMAL EXPANSION

One of these uses are also in the fire Alarms which save many lives
in the modern times!
 CONSEQUENCES OF THERMAL
EXPANSION….

• Thermal expansion sometimes can be beneficial however ,

they can also be life threatening at a specific point. For
example in railway tracks , due to the extreme heat they can
buckle , this can also be familiar with metal bridges so in order
to prevent that space is left and expansion joints are placed ,
and when they expand the gap decreases.
 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PRESSURE,
TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME.

• Boyles Law ( P-V)

• Boyles law tells us that at a constant temperature, Increasing the volume of a container
decreases the pressure ( Pressure of a gas is inversely propotional to the volume of gas .
 Charles law states that , the volume of a fixed
CHARLES L AW mass of a gas
(T-V) Is directly proptional to the Temperature
provided , in which
Pressure remains constant
 T H E RE L AT I ON SH I P OF
VOLUM E A ND T E M PE RAT U RE

The Volume of a fixed mass of a gas Diagram A shows molecules expanding into a
is directly propotional to the greater volume as the temperature increases.
temperature in which pressure stay
constant
Diagram B
shows that the
volume of the
gas is directly
proportional to
the temperature
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Temperature:
• Temperature refers to how hot or cold an
object is.
• SI Unit is Kelvin ()
• Other Units are Fahrenheit ( and Celsius (

• Temperature Conversion Formula:

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
 THERMAL PROPERTIES

-Melting is the process in -Boiling is the process in which heat is absorbed from
Which Heat is taken from surroundingsSurroundings to change the substance from liquid to gas.
To change the substance from solid to liquid

In every state
The Process in which substance change the It is the process in which the
changes from liquid to solid by the temperature is substance changes from Gas to liquid
act of Cooling. remains constant by act of cooling below boiling Point.
until all the
substance changes
 Evaporation
Evaporation is the slow Due to the higher kinetic Energy
escape of particles in molecules
which molecules with Escaping the surface of the liquid ,
more kinetic Energy less
escape from the surface Kinetic energy molecules are left
of the liquid , leaving less behind
kinetic energy molecules Which result in temperature
vaporation
behindcan occur on any temperature
decreases
 HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY

• Heat Capacity is defined as the

amount of heat energy required • Specific heat capacity of a substance is
to raises the temperature of a amount of heat energy need to Raise the
substance by 1C temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1
• Energy Required= Mass x Specific Heat capacity x
increase in temp
• E = mc∆T
• The SI Unite of heat capacity is ( J/kg
 L ATENT HEAT

• Latent Heat is the amount of of • Specific latent heat is the amount of energy need to
energy need to change the state of a change state of 1kg of a substance without changings
substance without change in Temperature
Temperature
Thermal Energy = Mass x specific latent heat ( E= m x l )
Unit of specific latent heat is J/kg

Latent heat of fusion:

Latent heat of vaporization:
Latent heat of fusion is amount of
Latent heat of vaporization is amount of energy
energy required to change a
required to change a substance from solid state to
substance from solid to liquid
liquid.
 SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
AND VAPORIZATION

SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF

FUSION VAPORIZATION

• The amount of thermal energy • Specific latent heat of

required to change Unit mass vaporization of a substance is
(1kg) of the substance from solid the amount of thermal energy
to Liquid State , without change required to change unit mass
in temp. (1kg) of the substance from
liquid to gaseous state.
•
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY

• Thermal Energy Always from a region of higher temp to a

region of lower temp . Net flow of thermal energy occurs only
when there is a diff of temp:
Conduction: its is the process by which heat transmitted through a solid
from its hotter part to Its colder part until the whole solid becomes same
temperature.
Convection: It is the process by which heat is transmitted from hot place to cold place by the movement
Of heated particles of a gas or liquid.

Convection can only occur in fluids ( liquid or gas)

Radiation: its is the process by which heat is transmitted from one place to another in the form of
Electromagnetic waves.

Does not require any medium , Can take place in a vacuum.

 CONDUCTION

WHY DOES CONDUCTION NOT APPLICATIONS OF

WORK BEST ON FLUIDS? CONDUCTION:
• Conduction, the transfer of heat • Cooking utensils: Kettles and
through direct contact between saucepans and boiler are usually made
particles, works less effectively in fluids of aluminum and stainless steel.
(liquids and gases) compared to solids.
This inefficiency stems from two key
factors. Firstly, fluids have sparsely
packed particles compared to the
densely packed structure of solids. This
translates to fewer collisions between
particles, limiting the opportunities for
heat to be transferred. Secondly, unlike
the orderly vibrations in solids, fluid
particles move randomly. This random
motion creates an indirect and less
efficient path for heat to travel,
hindering the overall rate of heat
 CONVECTION

CONVECTION IN LIQUIDS CONVECTION IN AIR

• Convection, unlike conduction • Convection is the key player in air

which relies on direct particle circulation and weather patterns.
contact, utilizes the power of As sunlight warms the ground, air
density differences and molecules near the surface expand
buoyancy to effectively distribute and rise due to buoyancy. This
heat throughout a liquid. This creates a loop where cooler air
continuous circulation ensures sinks to replace the rising warm
that warmth isn't just localized at air, forming convection currents.
the heat source, but reaches all This continuous circulation
parts of the liquid, making efficiently transfers heat from the
convection a crucial mechanism warmed ground throughout the
atmosphere. These currents
for heat transfer in fluids.
influence wind formation, weather
systems like clouds and storms,
and even regulate temperature
 EMITTERS AND ABSORBERS

• Emitters: An object that releases thermal radiation.

• Absorbers: An object that absorbs thermal radiation incident
upon it.
• “black colors is a good absorber and good emitter of heat
radiation
• White and silver colours are bad absorber and emitter of
thermal radiation but good reflector of radiation.
 To cut down on heat spread, a vacuum flask uses
a few smart parts. First, it has an insulated top to
block heat from getting out through touch and
moving air, working as a shield. This stopper
keeps heat from moving from the flask's inside to
REDUCING HEAT LOSS the air around it. Also, the flask has a two-wall
setup with a vacuum-sealed space between.
Taking the air out of this area helps stop heat
from moving by touch and air, as no air means
these ways can't work. Plus, the inside walls of
the flask are shiny, which is good for bouncing
heat back. This shiny layer keeps heat in by
sending the heat that comes out back into the
drink, keeping its heat for a long time. So, the
vacuum flask uses a tight seal, a space with no air,
and shiny walls to fight heat loss through touch,
moving air, and light waves, which makes it great
for keeping drinks hot or cold.
 ROOM INSUL ATION

A well-insulated house creates a

comfortable year-round climate,
keeping you warm in winter and cool
in summer – all while saving energy
costs.
 END

That’s everything , relevant to the Topic Thermal

Physics , now students may ask the related the
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