Economis for Managers Series-110920

Economics for
Managers
===Matrikulasi ===

Assoc. Professor DR.Rozi A.Sabil,SE,SPd.MBA,FIN,CRM,CPM

PROGRAM PASCA SARJANA (S2)

MAGISTER MANAJEMEN
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU EKONOMI (STIE)
INDONESIA BANKING SCHOOL

1
Cabang Ilmu Ekonomi

ILMU EKONOMI

EKONOMI EKONOMI
MIKRO MAKRO

2
 EKONOMI MIKRO

PERILAKU PERILAKU
KONSUMEN PRODUSEN

SUPPLY
DEMAND

3
 PERILAKU KONSUMEN
• Materi:
1. Budget Constraint
2. Indifference Curve
3. Optimal Choice

4
THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT
THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

• The budget constraint shows the various

combinations of goods the consumer can
afford given his or her income and the
prices of the two goods.

5
The Consumer’s Budget Constraint

6
THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT
THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

• The Consumer’s Budget Constraint

– Any point on the budget constraint line
indicates the consumer’s combination or
trade-off between two goods.
– For example, if the consumer buys no pizzas,
he can afford 500 pints of Pepsi (point B). If
he buys no Pepsi, he can afford 100 pizzas
(point A).

7
The Consumer’s Budget Constraint
Quantity
of Pepsi
B
500

Consumer’s
budget constraint

A
0 100 Quantity
of Pizza
8
THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT
THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD
• The Consumer’s Budget Constraint
– Alternately, the consumer can buy 50 pizzas
and 250 pints of Pepsi.

9
The Consumer’s Budget Constraint
Quantity
of Pepsi
B
500

C
250

Consumer’s
budget constraint

A
0 50 100 Quantity
of Pizza
10
 THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT
THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

• The slope of the budget constraint line

equals the relative price of the two goods,
that is, the price of one good compared to
the price of the other.
• It measures the rate at which the
consumer can trade one good for the
other.

11
 PREFERENCES: WHAT THE
CONSUMER WANTS

• A consumer’s preference among

consumption bundles may be illustrated
with indifference curves.

12
Representing Preferences with Indifference
Curves

• An indifference curve is a curve that

shows consumption bundles that give the
consumer the same level of satisfaction.

13
 The Consumer’s Preferences

Quantity
of Pepsi
C

B D
I2
Indifference
A
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
14
 Representing Preferences with
Indifference Curves
• The Consumer’s Preferences
– The consumer is indifferent, or equally happy,
with the combinations shown at points A, B,
and C because they are all on the same
curve.
• The Marginal Rate of Substitution
– The slope at any point on an indifference
curve is the marginal rate of substitution.
• It is the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade
one good for another.
• It is the amount of one good that a consumer
requires as compensation to give up one unit of
the other good.
15
 The Consumer’s Preferences
Quantity
of Pepsi
C

B D
MRS I2
1
Indifference
A
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
16
 Four Properties of Indifference Curves

• Higher indifference curves are preferred to

lower ones.
• Indifference curves are downward sloping.
• Indifference curves do not cross.
• Indifference curves are bowed inward.

17
 Four Properties of Indifference Curves

• Property 1: Higher indifference curves are

preferred to lower ones.
– Consumers usually prefer more of something
to less of it.
– Higher indifference curves represent larger
quantities of goods than do lower indifference
curves.

18
 The Consumer’s Preferences
Quantity
of Pepsi
C

B D
I2
Indifference
A
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
19
 Four Properties of Indifference Curves

• Property 2: Indifference curves are

downward sloping.
– A consumer is willing to give up one good only
if he or she gets more of the other good in
order to remain equally happy.
– If the quantity of one good is reduced, the
quantity of the other good must increase.
– For this reason, most indifference curves
slope downward.
– Remember, a consumer is equally happy at
all points along a given indifference curve.

20
 The Consumer’s Preferences
Quantity
of Pepsi

Indifference
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
21
 Four Properties of Indifference Curves

• Property 3: Indifference curves do not

cross.
– Points A and B should make the consumer
equally happy.
– Points B and C should make the consumer
equally happy.
– This implies that A and C would make the
consumer equally happy.
– But C has more of both goods compared to A.

22
 The Impossibility of Intersecting Indifference
Curves
Quantity
of Pepsi

0 Quantity
of Pizza
23
 Four Properties of Indifference Curves

• Property 4: Indifference curves are bowed

inward.
– People are more willing to trade away goods
that they have in abundance and less willing
to trade away goods of which they have little.
– These differences in a consumer’s marginal
substitution rates cause his or her indifference
curve to bow inward.

24
 Bowed Indifference Curves
Quantity
of Pepsi

14

MRS = 6

A
8
1

4 B
MRS = 1
3
1
Indifference
curve

0 2 3 6 7 Quantity
of Pizza
25
OPTIMIZATION: WHAT THE CONSUMER
CHOOSES

• Consumers want to get the combination of

goods on the highest possible indifference
curve.
• However, the consumer must also end up
on or below his budget constraint.

26
 The Consumer’s Optimal Choices

• Combining the indifference curve and the

budget constraint determines the
consumer’s optimal choice.
• Consumer optimum occurs at the point
where the highest indifference curve and
the budget constraint are tangent.

27
 The Consumer’s Optimal Choice

• The consumer chooses consumption of

the two goods so that the marginal rate of
substitution equals the relative price.
• At the consumer’s optimum, the
consumer’s valuation of the two goods
equals the market’s valuation.

28
 The Consumer’s Optimum
Quantity
of Pepsi The consumer would prefer to
be on indifference curve I3, but
does not have enough income
to reach that indifference curve.
Optimum

B The consumer can afford

A most of the bundles on I1,
but why stay there when
I3you can move out to a
higher indifference curve,
I2 I2?
I1

Budget constraint
0 Quantity
of Pizza
29
 WHAT ARE COSTS?

• The Firm’s
Objective
– The economic goal
of the firm is to
maximize profits.

30
 Total Revenue, Total Cost, and
Profit
• Total Revenue
– The amount a firm receives for the sale of its
output.
• Total Cost
– The market value of the inputs a firm uses in
production.

31
 Total Revenue, Total Cost, and
Profit
• Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its
total cost.

• Profit = Total revenue - Total cost

32
 Costs as Opportunity Costs
• A firm’s cost of production includes all the
opportunity costs of making its output of
goods and services.
• Explicit and Implicit Costs
– A firm’s cost of production include explicit
costs and implicit costs.
• Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct
outlay of money by the firm.
• Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an
outlay of money by the firm.

33
 Economic Profit versus
Accounting Profit
• Economists measure a firm’s economic
profit as total revenue minus total cost,
including both explicit and implicit costs.
• Accountants measure the accounting profit
as the firm’s total revenue minus only the
firm’s explicit costs.

34
 Economic Profit versus
Accounting Profit
• When total revenue exceeds both explicit
and implicit costs, the firm earns economic
profit.
• Economic profit is smaller than accounting
profit.

35
 Figure 1 Economists versus
Accountants
How an Economist How an Accountant
Views a Firm Views a Firm

Economic
profit
Accounting
profit
Implicit
Revenue costs Revenue
Total
opportunity
costs
Explicit Explicit
costs costs

36
 THE VARIOUS MEASURES
OF COST
• Costs of production may be divided into
fixed costs and variable costs.
– Fixed costs are those costs that do not vary
with the quantity of output produced.
– Variable costs are those costs that do vary
with the quantity of output produced.

37
 Fixed and Variable Costs
• Total Costs
– Total Fixed Costs (TFC)
– Total Variable Costs (TVC)
– Total Costs (TC)
– TC = TFC + TVC

38
Table 2 The Various Measures
of Cost: Thirsty Thelma’s
Lemonade Stand

39
 Fixed and Variable Costs
• Average Costs
– Average costs can be determined by dividing
the firm’s costs by the quantity of output it
produces.
– The average cost is the cost of each typical
unit of product.

40
 Fixed and Variable Costs
• Average Costs
– Average Fixed Costs (AFC)
– Average Variable Costs (AVC)
– Average Total Costs (ATC)
– ATC = AFC + AVC

41
Average and Marginal Costs

Fixed cost FC
AFC  
Quantity Q

Variable cost VC
AVC  
Quantity Q

Total cost TC
ATC  
Quantity Q

42
 Average and Marginal Costs
• Marginal Cost
– Marginal cost (MC) measures the increase in
total cost that arises from an extra unit of
production.
– Marginal cost helps answer the following
question:
• How much does it cost to produce an additional
unit of output?

43
 Average and Marginal Cost

(change in total cost) TC

MC  
(change in quantity) Q

44
 Thirsty Thelma’s Lemonade
Stand
Note how Marginal Cost changes with each change in Quantity.

Quantity Total Marginal Quantity Total Marginal

Cost Cost Cost Cost
0 $3.00 —
1 3.30 $0.30 6 $7.80 $1.30
2 3.80 0.50 7 9.30 1.50
3 4.50 0.70 8 11.00 1.70
4 5.40 0.90 9 12.90 1.90
5 6.50 1.10 10 15.00 2.10

45
 A CT I V E L E A R N I N G 3
Calculating costs
Fill in the blank spaces of this table.
Q VC TC AFC AVC ATC MC
0 $50 n/a n/a n/a
$10
1 10 $10 $60.00
2 30 80
30
3 16.67 20 36.67
4 100 150 12.50 37.50
5 150 30
60
6 210 260 8.33 35 43.33
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46
 What Is a Market?
• A market is a group of buyers and sellers
of a particular good or service.

• The terms supply and demand refer to the

behavior of people . . . as they interact
with one another in markets.

47
 What Is a Market?
• Buyers determine demand.

• Sellers determine supply.

48
 DEMAND
• Quantity demanded is the amount of a
good that buyers are willing and able to
purchase.
• Law of Demand
– The law of demand states that, other things
equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls
when the price of the good rises.

49
 The Demand Curve: The Relationship
between Price and Quantity Demanded
• Demand Schedule
– The demand schedule is a table that shows
the relationship between the price of the good
and the quantity demanded.

50
Catherine’s Demand Schedule

51
 The Demand Curve: The Relationship
between Price and Quantity Demanded
• Demand Curve
– The demand curve is a graph of the
relationship between the price of a good and
the quantity demanded.

52
Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand
Curve
Price of
Ice-Cream Cone
$3.00

2.50

1. A decrease
2.00
in price ...

1.50

1.00

0.50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity
of cones demanded.
53
 Shifts in the Demand Curve
• Change in Quantity Demanded
– Movement along the demand curve.
– Caused by a change in the price of the
product.

54
 Changes in Quantity Demanded
A tax on sellers of ice-
Price of Ice-
Cream cream cones raises the
Cones
price of ice-cream
B cones and results in a
$2.0
0
movement along the
demand curve.

1.00 A

D
0 4 8Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
55
Shifts in the Demand Curve
– Consumer income
– Prices of related goods
– Tastes
– Expectations
– Number of buyers

56
 Shifts in the Demand Curve
• Change in Demand
– A shift in the demand curve, either to the left
or right.
– Caused by any change that alters the quantity
demanded at every price.

57
 Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone

Increase
in demand

Decrease
in demand
Demand
curve, D2
Demand
curve, D1
Demand curve, D3
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
58
 Shifts in the Demand Curve
• Consumer Income
– As income increases the demand for a normal
good will increase.
– As income increases the demand for an
inferior good will decrease.

59
 Consumer Income Normal Good
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
$3.0 An increase
0
2.5 in income...
0 Increase
2.0 in demand
0
1.5
0
1.0
0
0.5
0
D2
D1 Quantity
of Ice-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cream
60
Cones
 Consumer Income Inferior Good
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
$3.0
0
2.5 An increase
0
2.0
in income...
0 Decrease
1.5 in demand
0
1.0
0
0.5
0
D2 D1 Quantity of
Ice-Cream
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cones
61
 Shifts in the Demand Curve
• Prices of Related Goods
– When a fall in the price of one good reduces
the demand for another good, the two goods
are called substitutes.
– When a fall in the price of one good increases
the demand for another good, the two goods
are called complements.

62
Variables That Influence Buyers

63
 SUPPLY
• Quantity supplied is the amount of a good
that sellers are willing and able to sell.
• Law of Supply
– The law of supply states that, other things
equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises
when the price of the good rises.

64
 The Supply Curve: The Relationship
between Price and Quantity Supplied
• Supply Schedule
– The supply schedule is a table that shows the
relationship between the price of the good
and the quantity supplied.

65
Ben’s Supply Schedule

66
 Ben’s Supply Schedule and Supply Curve
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
$3.00

2.50
1. An
increase
in price ... 2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity of cones supplied.
67
 Shifts in the Supply Curve
• Input prices
• Technology
• Expectations
• Number of sellers

68
 Change in Quantity Supplied

Price of Ice-
Cream S
Cone
C
$3.0
0 A rise in the price
of ice cream
cones results in a
movement along
A the supply curve.
1.00

Quantity of
Ice-Cream
0 1 5 Cones
69
 Shifts in the Supply Curve
Price of
Ice-Cream Supply curve, S3
Supply
Cone
curve, S1
Supply
Decrease curve, S2
in supply

Increase
in supply

0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
70
Variables That Influence Sellers

71
 SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
• Equilibrium refers to a situation in which
the price has reached the level where
quantity supplied equals quantity
demanded.

72
 SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
• Equilibrium Price
– The price that balances quantity supplied and
quantity demanded.
– On a graph, it is the price at which the supply
and demand curves intersect.
• Equilibrium Quantity
– The quantity supplied and the quantity
demanded at the equilibrium price.
– On a graph it is the quantity at which the
supply and demand curves intersect.

73
SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
Demand Supply
Schedule Schedule

At $2.00, the quantity demanded

is equal to the quantity supplied!
74
 The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone Supply

Equilibrium price Equilibrium

$2.00

Equilibrium Demand
quantity

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
75
 Latihan Soal

Dengan menggunakan kurva Supply dan demand,

jelaskan pengaruh terhadap harga dan kuantitas untuk
pasar mobil, jika:
A. Pendapatan masyarakat meningkat
B. Pemerintah menetapkan kenaikan ppnbm
C. Harga mobil tahun depan diprediksi naik
D. Harga bbm meningkat

76
 Ekonomi Makro

GDP INFLASI

Pengangguran

77
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

78
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
Adalah nilai pasar untuk barang dan jasa yang diproduksi
di dalam negeri dalam periode waktu tertentu

Metode-Metode Perhitungan GDP:

1. Metode Pengeluaran
2. Metode produksi
3. Metode pendapatan

79
 Metode Pengeluaran
GDP (Y) is the sum of the following:
 Consumption (C)
 Investment (I)
 Government Purchases (G)
 Net Exports (NX)

Y = C + I + G + NX

80
 Komponen Metode Pengeluaran
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and
services, with the exception of purchases of
new housing.
• Investment (I):
• The spending on capital equipment,
inventories, and structures, including new
housing.

81
 Komponen Metode Pengeluaran
• Government Purchases (G):
– The spending on goods and services by local,
state, and federal governments.
– Does not include transfer payments because
they are not made in exchange for currently
produced goods or services.
• Net Exports (NX):
– Exports minus imports.

82
 Metode Produksi
• Adalah total produksi yang dihasilkan oleh
masing-masing sektor dalam
perekonomian.
• Adapun sektor-sektor tersebut adalah:
pertanian, pertambangan dan penggalian,
industri pengolahan, listrik,gas,dan air
minum, bangunan, perdagangan, hotel,
dan restoran, pengangkutan dan
komunikasi, jasa keuangan, dan lain-lain

83
 Metode Pendapatan
• Metode pendapatan memandang nilai output
dalam perekonomian sebagai nilai total
balas jasa atas faktor produksi yang
digunakan dalam proses produksi
• Balas jasa untuk tenaga kerja adalah upah
atau gaji
• Untuk barang modal adalah pendapatan
sewa
• Untuk pemilik uang/aset finansial adalah
pendapatan bunga
• 84
85
86
PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA SECARA SPASIAL

87
88
9

The Variety of Growth Experiences

89
Countries
Largest
GDP per
capita
2017

90
91
92
93
 Saving and Investment
• We can boost productivity by increasing K,
which requires investment.
• Since resources scarce, producing more
capital requires producing fewer
consumption goods.
• Reducing consumption = increasing saving.
This extra saving funds the production of
investment goods.
• Hence, a tradeoff between current and
future consumption.
94
Diminishing Returns and the Catch-Up Effect

• The govt can implement policies that raise

saving and investment.
• Then K will rise, causing productivity and
living standards to rise.
• But this faster growth is temporary,
due to diminishing returns to capital:
As K rises, the extra output from an
additional unit of K falls….

95
The Production Function & Diminishing Returns

Y/L
If workers
Output per
have little K,
worker
giving them more
(productivity)
increases their
productivity a lot.

If workers already
have a lot of K,
giving them more
increases
K/L
productivity
fairly little.
Capital per worker
96
The catch-up effect: the property whereby poor
countries tend to grow more rapidly than rich ones
Y/L

Rich country’s
growth

Poor country’s
growth

K/L
Poor country
starts here Rich country starts here
97
Example of the Catch-Up Effect
• Over 1960–1990, the U.S. and S. Korea
devoted a similar share of GDP to
investment, so you might expect they
would have similar growth performance.
• But growth was >6% in Korea and only 2%
in the U.S.
• Explanation: the catch-up effect.
In 1960, K/L was far smaller in Korea than

in the U.S., hence Korea grew faster.

98
How Productivity Is Determined
• The inputs used to produce goods and
services are called the factors of
production.
• The factors of production include:
– Physical capital
– Human capital
– Natural resources
– Technological knowledge
• The factors of production directly determine
productivity.
99
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of
equipment and structures that are used to
produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
– Tools used to build or repair automobiles.
– Tools used to build furniture.
– Office buildings, schools, etc.
• Physical capital is a produced factor of
production.
– It is an input into the production process that in the
past was an output from the production process.

100
How Productivity Is Determined
• Human capital per worker is the
economist’s term for the knowledge and
skills that workers acquire through
education, training, and experience.
• Like physical capital, human capital raises
a nation’s ability to produce goods and
services.

101
How Productivity Is Determined
• Natural resources are inputs used in
production that are provided by nature, such
as land, rivers, and mineral deposits.
– Renewable resources include trees and forests.
– Nonrenewable resources include petroleum and
coal.
• Natural resources can be important but are
not necessary for an economy to be highly
productive in producing goods and services.

102
How Productivity Is Determined
• Technological knowledge includes
society’s understanding of the best ways
to produce goods and services.
• Human capital includes the resources
expended transmitting this understanding
to the labor force.

103
INFLASI

104
 INFLASI
Adalah rata-rata kenaikan tingkat harga barang dan jasa
dalam periode waktu tertentu

Dampak negatif Inflasi:

1. Menurunkan daya beli masyarakat
2. kemiskinan

Metode-Metode Perhitungan Inflasi:

1. Indeks Harga Konsumen
2. Indeks Harga Produsen
3. GDP Deflator

105
 Disagregasi IHK
Inflasi Inti, yaitu komponen inflasi yang cenderung menetap atau persisten
(persistent component) di dalam pergerakan inflasi dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor
fundamental, seperti:
• Interaksi permintaan-penawaran
• Lingkungan eksternal: nilai tukar, harga komoditi internasional, inflasi mitra
dagang
• Ekspektasi Inflasi dari pedagang dan konsumen

Inflasi non Inti, yaitu komponen inflasi yang cenderung tinggi volatilitasnya
karena dipengaruhi oleh selain faktor fundamental. Komponen terdiri dari :
Inflasi Komponen Bergejolak (Volatile Food) :
Inflasi yang dominan dipengaruhi oleh shocks (kejutan) dalam kelompok
bahan makanan seperti panen, gangguan alam, atau faktor perkembangan
harga komoditas pangan domestik maupun perkembangan harga komoditas
pangan internasional.
Inflasi Komponen Harga yang diatur Pemerintah (Administered Prices) :
Inflasi yang dominan dipengaruhi oleh shocks (kejutan) berupa kebijakan
harga Pemerintah, seperti harga BBM bersubsidi, tarif listrik, tarif angkutan,

106
107
 Penyebab Inflasi
Tingkat Keparahan inflasi:

1. Inflasi ringan
Adalah tingkat inflasi dibawah 10 % setahun

2. Inflasi Sedang
Adalah tingkat inflasi diantara 10 – 30 % per tahun

3. Inflasi tinggi
Adalah tingkat inflasi diantara 30 – 100 % per tahun

4. Hyperinflasi
Adalah tingkat inflasi diatas 100 % per tahun

108
Contoh Inflasi di Zimbabwe

109
Lanjutan Inflasi diZimbabwe

110
Perekonomian Zimbabwe terus mengalami kemorosotan
selama beberapa waktu. Inflasi negeri ini terus meningkat
hingga 2,2 juta persen, yang menjadi inflasi tertinggi di
dunia.] Akibat inflasi yang tinggi tersebut, bank sentral
Zimbabwe sudah mengeluarkan 4 versi mata uang sampai
sekarang. Terakhir kali bank sentral Zimbabwe
mengeluarkan pecahan $ 100,000,000,000,000 (100 triliun
dolar) yang menjadi uang dengan nominal terbesar didunia
yang kemudian digantikan dengan dolar versi ke-4 di
mana setiap $ 100,000,000,000,000 (100 triliun dolar)
uang lama digantikan menjadi $1 uang baru. Dengan
ekonomi yang terus memburuk sekarang bank sentral
Zimbabwe memutuskan untuk membolehkan rakyatnya
menggunakan mata uang dolar Amerika sebagai mata
uang mereka untuk menstabilkan kembali ekonomi
Zimbabwe. 111
Kasus Venezuela

112
Untuk menyelamatkan masyarakat dari hiperinflasi, pemerintah
Venezuela mengumumkan kenaikan upah minimum sebanyak 3 ribu
persen, namun saat yang sama Venezuela menaikkan pajak dan
berencana mematok mata uang bolivar ke petro serta mendukung
cryptocurrency.
113
Sumber /penyebab Inflasi:
1. Demand pull inflation
2. Cost push inflation

Asal Inflasi:
1. Domestic Inflation
2. Imported Inflation

114
 Kebijakan Mengatasi Inflasi
Kebijakan Moneter
1. Operasi pasar terbuka
2. Politik diskonto
3. Menaikkan cadangan kas
4. Kredit selektif
5. Politik sanering

Kebijakan Fiskal
1. Menaikkan tarif pajak
2. Mengatur penerimaan dan pengeluaran pemerintah
3. Mengadakan pinjaman pemerintah

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Kebijakan Non Moneter

1. Menaikkan hasil produksi

2. Kebijakan upah
3. Pengawasan harga

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PENGANGGURAN

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 Pengangguran
• Definisi Pengangguran menurut ILO:
1. Pengangguran Terbuka
adalah seseorang yang termasuk kelompok penduduk usia kerja yang
selama periode tertentu tidak bekerja, dan bersedia menerima
pekerjaan, serta sedang mencari pekerjaan.

2. Setengah Pengangguran Terpaksa

adalah seseorang yang bekerja sebagai buruh karyawan dan pekerja
mandiri (berusaha sendiri) yang selama periode tertentu secara
terpaksa bekerja kurang dari jam kerja normal, yang masih
mencari pekerjaan lain atau masih bersedia mencari pekerjaan
lain/tambahan (BPS, 2001: 4).
3. Setengah pengangguran sukarela
adalah orang yang bekerja kurang dari 35 jam per minggu namun tidak
mencari pekerjaan dan tidak bersedia menerima pekerjaan lain
(BPS, 2000: 14).
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 IDENTIFYING
UNEMPLOYMENT

• How Is Unemployment Measured?

– Categories of Unemployment
• The problem of unemployment is usually divided
into two categories, the long-run problem and the
short-run problem.
• The natural rate of unemployment
• The cyclical rate of unemployment

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 Jenis Berdasarkan Penyebab Pengangguran

• Pengangguran friksional (frictional

unemployment)
• Pengangguran Struktural (Structural
unemployment)
• Pengangguran Teknologi (Technology
unemployment)

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 Lanjutan……
• Pengangguran Unik
adalah pekerja yang menerima gaji secara rutin tanpa
pemotongan, tetapi ditempat kerjanya hanya sering diisi
dengan bercerita sesama pekerja karena minimnya
pekerjaan yang harus dikerjakan. Hal ini disebabkan
karena tempat kerjanya kelebihan tenaga. Perkecualian,
semisal pegawai atau petugas Pemadam Kebakaran
atau Penanggulangan Bencana Alam. Pegawai atau
petugas semisal ini tenaganya harus disimpan dan
dipersiapkan secara khusus jika ada pelatihan atau
simulasi atau harus diterjunkan pada situasi sebenarnya.

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 Penyebab Pengangguran
• Upah Minimum Propinsi
• Serikat Pekerja
• Teori Efisiensi Upah
• Pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi
• Rendahnya laju investasi produktif
• Siklus bisnis yang melemah
• Rendahnya kualitas pendidikan
masyarakat
• Strategi industri yang labor saving
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 Kebijakan Pemerintah
• Berperilaku sebagai agen tenaga kerja
• Mendirikan program pelatihan kepada
masyarakat
• Mengurangi jumlah pertumbuhan
penduduk
• Membuat peraturan yang mendorong
meningkatnya industri
• Meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan

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TERIMA KASIH

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