Budget Constraint

BUDGET CONSTRAINT
THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD
The budget constraint depicts the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford.
People consume less than they desire because their spending is constrained, or limited, by their income.
The budget constraint shows the various combinations of goods the consumer can afford given his or her income and the prices of the two goods.
The Consumers Budget Constraint

Any point on the budget constraint line indicates the consumers combination or tradeoff between two goods. For example, if the consumer buys no pizzas, he can afford 500 pints of Pepsi (point B). If he buys no Pepsi, he can afford 100 pizzas (point A).
Figure 1 The Consumers Budget Constraint

Quantity of Pepsi
500
Consumers budget constraint
A 0 100 Quantity of Pizza

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Alternately, the consumer can buy 50 pizzas and 250 pints of Pepsi.
Figure 1 The Consumers Budget Constraint

Quantity of Pepsi
500
250
C Consumers budget constraint
A 0 50 100 Quantity of Pizza


The slope of the budget constraint line equals the relative price of the two goods, that is, the price of one good compared to the price of the other. It measures the rate at which the consumer can trade one good for the other.
PREFERENCES: WHAT THE CONSUMER WANTS
A consumers preference among consumption bundles may be illustrated with indifference curves.
Representing Preferences with Indifference Curves
An indifference curve is a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction.
Figure 2 The Consumers Preferences
Quantity of Pepsi C
D I2 A
Indifference curve, I1
Quantity of Pizza
Representing Preferences with Indifference Curves
The Consumers Preferences

The consumer is indifferent, or equally happy, with the combinations shown at points A, B, and C because they are all on the same curve.
The Marginal Rate of Substitution

The slope at any point on an indifference curve is the marginal rate of substitution.
It is the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another. It is the amount of one good that a consumer requires as compensation to give up one unit of the other good.
Quantity of Pepsi C
B MRS 1 A 0
D I2
Quantity of Pizza
Four Properties of Indifference Curves

Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones. Indifference curves are downward sloping. Indifference curves do not cross. Indifference curves are bowed inward.
Property 1: Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones.

Consumers usually prefer more of something to less of it. Higher indifference curves represent larger quantities of goods than do lower indifference curves.
Quantity of Pepsi C
D I2 A
Quantity of Pizza
Property 2: Indifference curves are downward sloping.

A consumer is willing to give up one good only if he or she gets more of the other good in order to remain equally happy. If the quantity of one good is reduced, the quantity of the other good must increase. For this reason, most indifference curves slope downward.
Quantity of Pepsi
0 Quantity of Pizza
Property 3: Indifference curves do not cross.

Points A and B should make the consumer equally happy. Points B and C should make the consumer equally happy. This implies that A and C would make the consumer equally happy. But C has more of both goods compared to A.
Figure 3 The Impossibility of Intersecting Indifference Curves

Quantity of Pepsi C A
Quantity of Pizza
Property 4: Indifference curves are bowed inward.

People are more willing to trade away goods that they have in abundance and less willing to trade away goods of which they have little. These differences in a consumers marginal substitution rates cause his or her indifference curve to bow inward.
Figure 4 Bowed Indifference Curves

Quantity of Pepsi
14
MRS = 6 A 1
4 3
MRS = 1
Indifference curve 7 Quantity of Pizza

Two Extreme Examples of Indifference Curves Perfect substitutes Perfect complements
Two Extreme Examples of Indifference Curves
Perfect Substitutes
Two goods with straight-line indifference curves are perfect substitutes. The marginal rate of substitution is a fixed number.
Figure 5 Perfect Substitutes and Perfect Complements
(a) Perfect Substitutes Nickels
I1 0 1
I2 2
I3 3 Dimes
Two Extreme Examples of Indifference Curves
Perfect Complements
Two goods with right-angle indifference curves are perfect complements.
Figure 5 Perfect Substitutes and Perfect Complements
(b) Perfect Complements Left Shoes
7 5
I2 I1
Right Shoes
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BUDGET CONSTRAINT

THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

The Consumers Budget Constraint

THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

The Consumers Budget Constraint

Figure 1 The Consumers Budget Constraint

Consumers budget constraint

A 0 100 Quantity of Pizza

THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

The Consumers Budget Constraint

Figure 1 The Consumers Budget Constraint

C Consumers budget constraint

A 0 50 100 Quantity of Pizza

THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD

PREFERENCES: WHAT THE CONSUMER WANTS

Representing Preferences with Indifference Curves

Figure 2 The Consumers Preferences

Representing Preferences with Indifference Curves

The Consumers Preferences

The Marginal Rate of Substitution

Figure 2 The Consumers Preferences

Four Properties of Indifference Curves

Property 1: Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones.

Figure 2 The Consumers Preferences

Property 2: Indifference curves are downward sloping.

Figure 2 The Consumers Preferences

Property 3: Indifference curves do not cross.

Figure 3 The Impossibility of Intersecting Indifference Curves

Property 4: Indifference curves are bowed inward.

Figure 4 Bowed Indifference Curves

Indifference curve 7 Quantity of Pizza

Two Extreme Examples of Indifference Curves Perfect substitutes Perfect complements

Two Extreme Examples of Indifference Curves

Figure 5 Perfect Substitutes and Perfect Complements

(a) Perfect Substitutes Nickels

Two Extreme Examples of Indifference Curves

Figure 5 Perfect Substitutes and Perfect Complements

(b) Perfect Complements Left Shoes

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