Chapter Three

Artificial Intelligence

College of Information Technology

Mettu University
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
 “is it possible to build a machine that has
intelligence, specifically a human level of
intelligence?”
 Artificial Intelligence is
◦ “The science and engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially intelligent computer programs.”
◦ “About algorithms enabled by constraints exposed
by representations that support models targeted
at thinking, perception and action.”
◦ “The theory and development of computer systems
able to perform tasks normally requiring human
intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and translation
between languages. “

2
Cont’d
AI is the creation of a computer
program that can learn to think
and function on its own, kind of
like robots that don’t need to be
told what to do all the time.
Most advanced AI systems use
machine learning technology to
analyze current conditions and
learn from experience.

3
Cont’d
Examples of technologies that uses AI
◦ Machine Learning
◦ Robotics
◦ Machine Automation
◦ Virtual Reality
◦ Cloud Computing
◦ Augmented Reality
◦ Neural Networks
◦ Big Data
◦ Internet of Things
◦ Computer Vision

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 Components of AI system
1. Applications: Image recognition, Speech
recognition, Chatbots, Natural language
generation, and Sentiment analysis.
2. Types of Models: Deep learning,
Machine learning, and Neural Networks.
3. Software/Hardware for training and
running models: Graphic Processing
Units (GPUs), Parallel processing tools
(like Spark), Cloud data storage and
computer platforms.

5
Cont’d
4. Programming languages for
building models: Python,
TensorFlow, Java, and C/C++, etc.

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History of Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
Formallyinitiated in 1956 and the name AI
was coined by John McCarthy.
The advent of general purpose computers
provided a vehicle for creating artificially
intelligent entities.
◦Used for solving general-purpose
problems

Which one is preferred?

◦ General purpose problem solving systems
◦ Domain specific systems

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Cont’d
Year Description
1956 The term “artificial intelligence” is coined by
John McCharty at a Dartmouth conference and
AI is founded as an academic discipline
1956–1974 The golden years of AI enjoy government
funding in promising, logic-based problem-
solving approaches.
1974–1980 Overly high expectations coupled with the
limited capacities of AI programs leads to the
first “AI winter”, with reduced funding and
interest in AI research.
1980–1987 The rise of knowledge-based expert systems
brings new successes and a change in the
focus of research and funding toward this form
of AI.
1987–1993 The second “AI winter” starts with the sudden
collapse of the specialized hardware industry in
1987. The AI hype brings with it negative
perceptions by governments and investors, as
expert systems show their limitations and 8
Cont’d
1993–2011 Optimism about AI returns and increases. New
successes are marked with the help of increased
computational power and AI becomes data-
driven.
In 1997, IBM’s DeepBlue beats world champion
Gary Kasparov at chess.
In 2002, Amazon uses automated systems to
provide recommendations.

In 2011, Apple releases Siri and IBM Watson

beats two human champions at the TV quiz
Jeopardy.
2012–today Increased availability of data, connectedness
and computational power allow for
breakthroughs in machine learning, mainly in
neural networks and deep learning, heralding a
new era of increased funding and optimism
about the AI potential.
In 2012, Google driverless cars navigate
autonomously and in 2016 Google AlphaGo9
 Types of Artificial
Intelligence(AI)
Based on the level of intelligence
embedded into a machine AI is
divided into three.
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence
(Weak AI or Narrow AI
2. Artificial General Intelligence
(General AI or Strong AI)
3. Artificial Super Intelligence
(Super AI)
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Cont’d
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (Weak AI
or Narrow AI)
◦ a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated
task with intelligence.
◦ The most common and currently available.
◦ It is only trained for one specific task, cannot
perform beyond its field or limitations
Example of narrow AI
◦ Playing chess,
◦ Purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
◦ Self-driving cars,
◦ Speech recognition, and
◦ Image recognition.

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Cont’d
2. Artificial General Intelligence
(General AI or Strong AI)
◦ a type of intelligence which could
perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
◦ The idea is to make a system which
could be smarter and think like a
human by its own.
◦ General AI systems are still under
research.
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Cont’d
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (Super
AI)
◦ a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence,
and can perform any task better than human
with cognitive properties.
◦ an outcome of general AI.
◦ Characteristics of strong AI include the
ability to think, to reason, solve the
puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate by its own.
◦ Development of such systems in real is still
world changing task.
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Cont’d
Based on capabilities
1. Reactive Machines: Purely
reactive machines are the most
basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
Such AI systems do not store
memories or past experiences for
future actions. These machines only
focus on current scenarios and
react on it as per possible best
action.
◦ IBM's Deep Blue system and
Google’s AlphaGo is an example of14
Cont’d
2. Limited Memory: Limited memory
machines can store past experiences
or some data for a short period of
time. These machines can use stored
data for a limited time period only.
◦ Self-driving cars are one of the best
examples of Limited Memory
systems. These cars can store recent
speed of nearby cars, the distance of
other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.
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Cont’d
3. Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI
should understand the human
emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans. This
type of AI machines are still not
developed, but researchers are
making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI
machines.
◦ Sophia – the humanoid robot is one
example of such effort where a
number of young Ethiopians have16
Cont’d
4. Self–Awareness: Self-awareness
AI is the future of Artificial
Intelligence. These machines will be
super intelligent, and will have their
own consciousness, sentiments, and
self-awareness. These machines will
be smarter than human mind.
◦ Self-Awareness AI does not exist in
reality still and it is a hypothetical
concept.

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 Applications of AI
 Currently, AI is being applied across
several industries. But we cannot say that
AI is replacing humans but it is certainly
making the work of human beings more
efficient.
1. Agriculture
AI technologies are being used to yield
healthier crops, control pests, monitor soil
and growing conditions, organize data for
farmers, help with workload, and improve a
wide range of agriculture-related tasks in the
entire food supply chain.
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Cont’d
◦ Agricultural Robots
 Companies are developing and
programming autonomous robots to
handle essential agricultural tasks such
as harvesting crops at a higher volume
and faster pace than human laborers.
 Examples of AI applications in the
agriculture sector.
◦ See & Spray Robot
◦ Harvest CROO Robotics
◦ Crop and Soil Monitoring

19
Cont’d
2. Health
AI applications are revolutionizing
how the health sector works to
reduce spending and improve patient
outcomes.
Companies are applying machine
learning to make better and faster
diagnoses than humans.
◦ One of the best known healthcare
technologies is IBM Watson.
◦ Other AI applications include chatbots.
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Cont’d
Personal Health Virtual Assistant
Examples of AI applications in the
health sector.
◦ Dip.io
◦ Apple Watch
◦ Medical Imaging Analysis
◦ IBM Watson analysis
◦ IDx software
◦ Precision Medicine
◦ Healthcare Bots
◦ Operational applications of AI
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Cont’d
3. Business (Emerging market)
 Artificial Intelligence has enormous
potential to augment human intelligence
and to radically alter how we access
products and services, gather information,
make products, and interact.
 In emerging markets, AI offers an
opportunity to lower costs and barriers to
entry for businesses and deliver innovative
business models that can leapfrog
traditional solutions and reach the
underserved.
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Cont’d
Examples of AI applications in the Business
sector.
Improve Customer Services
Automate Workloads
Optimize Logistics
Increase Manufacturing Output and
Efficiency
Prevent Outages
Predict Performance
Predict Behavior
Manage and Analyze Data
Improve Marketing and Advertising
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Cont’d
4. Education
The increasing adoption of the AI
technology for various applications in
the education sector.
AI can automate grading, giving
educators more time, and can also
assess students and adapt to their
needs, helping them work at their own
pace. AI tutors can provide additional
support to students, ensuring they stay
on track.
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Cont’d
Examples of AI applications in the
Education sector.
Administrative Tasks Automation
Smart Content
Smart Tutors and
Personalization
Virtual Lectures and Learning
Environment
Teachers’ Support
Students’ Communication
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End of Chapter Three!

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