Chapter three(3)

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Points to be covered under this topics are:
 Definitions of AI.

 Types, application areas and approaches of AI.

 Need for Artificial Intelligence

 Advantages and Disadvantages of AI

 History of AI

 Applications of AI

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 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• What is Artificial Intelligence?

• The power of a machine to copy intelligent human behavior.

2
cont. ..

• Are they really intelligent?

A robot is only as smart as its initial program.

Answer: The power of a machine to copy and learn from intelligent human
behavior.

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cont. ..
• What is Artificial Intelligence?

• Artificial Intelligence is the development of

computer systems that are able to

perform tasks that would require human intelligence.

• Examples of these tasks are visual perception, speech

recognition, decision-making, and translation between
languages.

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 cont. ..

• Real Life A.I. Examples

Self Driving Cars
 Boston Dynamics
 Navigation Systems
 ASIMO
 Chatbots
 Human vs Computer Games
 Many More!
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AI vs. Robot
• AI Robot

• Programmed to think Programmed to do

• Social Interaction Low level interaction

• Learns Only as smart as program

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con. ..
Robots
Sojourner
Rover

Spirit or
Opportunity Rover
ibo
A
ny' s
So

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cont. ..
• AI is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.

• Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."

• It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially

intelligent computer programs. Those intelligent machines can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
• what is intelligence?

• Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world.
Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and
some machines.
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cont...
• Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge. Knowledge is the
information acquired through experience. Experience is the knowledge gained
through exposure (training). Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence.

• Intelligence is composed of:

➢ Reasoning

➢ Learning

➢ Problem Solving

➢ Perception
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➢ Linguistic Intelligence
cont. ..
• AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.

• An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.

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CONT. ..
• Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.

• Other examples of AI include :-

autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars),

medical diagnosis,

creating art (such as poetry),

 proving mathematical theorems,

playing games (such as Chess or Go)

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Cont…
search engines (such as Google • AI deals with the area of developing

search), computing systems that are capable of

performing tasks that humans are very good
 online assistants (such as Siri),
at, for example recognizing objects,
image recognition in photographs, recognizing and making sense of speech,
spam filtering, and decision making in a constrained
environment.
prediction of judicial decisions and
• Machine Learning is an advanced form of
targeting
AI where the machine can learn as it goes
online advertisements
rather than having every action programmed
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by humans.
Need for Artificial Intelligence
 AI needed for the following : • Following are the main goals of AI:

To create expert systems that Replicate human intelligence

exhibit intelligent behavior with the  Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

capability to learn, demonstrate,  An intelligent connection of perception and

explain and advice its users. action

 Helping machines, find solutions to Building a machine which can perform tasks
that requires human intelligence
complex problems like humans do
Creating some system which can exhibit
and applying them as algorithms in
intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
a computer-friendly manner.
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
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Comprises to Artificial Intelligence
• To create the AI-first we should know • To achieve the factors for a machine or
that how intelligence is composed. software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following disciplines:
• Intelligence is an intangible part of
 Mathematics
our brain which is a combination of
 Biology
Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
 Psychology
perception, language understanding,
etc.  Sociology

 Computer Science

 Neurons Study
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 Statistics
Advantages and Disadvantages of AI
• Following are some main advantages  Following are some main advantages
of Artificial Intelligence: of Artificial Intelligence:

High Accuracy with fewer errors High Cost

High-Speed Can't think out of the box

High reliability No feelings and emotions

Useful for risky areas Increase dependence on machines

Digital Assistant No Original Creativity

Useful as a public utility

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History of AI

• Following are some milestones in

the history of AI which define the
journey from the AI generation to
till date development.

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cont. ..
• The history of AI can be seen from different
B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-
1956)
prespectives some of them are:
Allen Newell and Herbert A.
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
Simon(1955) : created first artificial
 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) :
proposed a model of artificial neurons. intelligence program (named Logic

 Donald Hebb (1949) :updating rule for modifying Theorist).

the connection strength between neurons. his rule John McCarthy(1956) : The word
is called Hebbian learning.
"Artificial Intelligence" first adopted and
 Alan Turing (1950) : mathematician and
high-level computer languages such as
pioneered
FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
Machine learning
invented. 17
cont. ..
C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)
(1956-1974) The second AI Winter duration.
Joseph Weizenbaum(1966): created G. The emergence of intelligent agents
the first chatbot wich is called ELIZA. (1993-2011)
In the year 172 : The first intelligent
humanoid robot was built in Japan In the year 1997 IBM Deep Blue beats
which was named WABOT-1.
world chess champion, Gary Kasparov,
D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)
 Between the years 1974 to 1980 was and became the first computer to beat a
the first AI winter duration. world chess champion.
E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
In the year 2002 : AI entered the home
AI came back with "Expert System".
in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
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cleaner.
cont. ..
In the year 2006 : AI came into the Business world . Companies like Facebook, Twitter,

and Netflix also started using AI.

H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

IBM's Watson won jeopardy (2011) : to solve complex questions as well as riddles.
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.

In the year (2012) : Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now",

In the year (2014): Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous
"Turing test."

In the year (2018): The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with
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two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
Levels of AI
• AI have seven stage or levels.

• Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

• Stage 2 – Context Awareness and

Retention

• Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise

• Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

• Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial

General Intelligence (AGI)

• Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence

(ASI)

• Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence 20

 Types of AI
• There are mainly two types of the main categorization which are based on
capabilities and based on functionally of AI.

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 There are three types of AI based on capabilities:-

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI 2. General AI or Strong AI

• a type of AI which is able to perform a
dedicated task with intelligence. • a type of intelligence which could perform
• The most common and currently
any intellectual task with efficiency like a
available.
• It is only trained for one specific task, human.
cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations • The idea is to make a system which could
Example of narrow AI
• Playing chess, be smarter and think like a human by its
• Purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, own.
• Self-driving cars,
• Speech recognition, and • General AI systems are still under
• Image recognition.
research. 22
3. Super Artificial Intelligence (Super AI)

• a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human

intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive

properties.

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 There are four types of AI on the basis of functionality:-

1. Reactive Machines: Such AI 2. Limited Memory: can store past

experiences or some data for a short period of
systems do not store memories or past
time.
experiences for future actions. These
• These machines can use stored data for a
machines only focus on current
limited time period only.
scenarios and react on it as per possible • Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of
Limited Memory systems.
best action.
• These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars,
• IBM's Deep Blue system and Google’s
the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other
AlphaGo is an example of reactive
information to navigate the road. 24
 Cont’d…
3. Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI 4. Self–Awareness: Self-awareness
should understand the human emotions, AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially
• These machines will be super intelligent,
like humans. This type of AI machines are
and will have their own consciousness,
still not developed, but researchers are
sentiments, and self-awareness.
making lots of efforts and improvement for
• These machines will be smarter than
developing such AI machines.
• Sophia – the humanoid robot is one example of human mind.

such effort where a number of young • Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality
Ethiopians have contributed on the
still and it is a hypothetical concept.
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development.
Influencers of artificial intelligence
• Some of the influencers of AI are:-

Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data

Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures

Cloud computing and APIs

 The emergence of data science

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cont. ..
• The following figure show the rapid
i. Big Data :- refers to huge amounts of data.
change of the data landscape.
 It requires innovative forms of information
processing to draw insights, automate
processes, and help decision making.

It can be structured data that corresponds to

a formal pattern, such as traditional data sets
and databases. semi-structured and
unstructured formats, such as word-
processing documents, videos, images,
audio, presentations, social media
interactions, streams, web pages, 27
cont. ..
ii. Cloud computing and application programming interfaces :-

What is the cloud and cloud computing ?

Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-demand

services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.

Companies worldwide offer their services to customers over cloud platforms.

Those services might be data analysis, social media, video storage, e-commerce,

Application Programming interfaces (APIs) expose capabilities and services.

APIs enable software components to communicate with each other easily.

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cont. ..
• All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their services and
tools on the internet through APIs over cloud platforms, for example:

➢ IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.

➢ Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services (AWS).

➢ Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.

➢ Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.

These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities, such as availability,

scalability,

accessibility, rapid deployment, flexible billing options, simpler operations, and

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The emergence of data science
• It has emerged in the last few years as a new profession that combines several
disciplines, such as statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and others.

• The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from data in various
forms.

• After you collect a large enough volume of data, patterns emerge. Then, data
scientists use learning algorithms on these patterns.

• Data science uses machine learning and AI to process big data.

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Applications of AI
• It is becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems in an
efficient way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education,
etc.

• It makes our daily life more comfortable and faster.

• Some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence are:

 AI in agriculture ➢ AI in Gaming

 AI in Healthcare ➢ AI in Data Security

 AI in education ➢AI in Social Media

 AI in Finance and E-commerce ➢AI in Travel &Transport

 AI in the Automotive Industry ➢ AI in Robotics etc.. 31

AI tools and platforms
• AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture or software
framework (including application frameworks), that allows the software to run.

• It involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are performed by
human beings.

• Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms provide users a tool kit to build intelligent
applications.

• Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical
optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics.

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cont. ..
• Some of the tools used are : • Some of the platforms are :

✓ Search and optimization  Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning,

✓ Logic Google Cloud Prediction API,

✓ Probabilistic methods for uncertain IBM Watson,

reasoning
TensorFlow,
✓ Classifiers and statistical learning
Infosys Nia,
methods

✓ Neural networks
Wipro HOLMES,

✓ Control theory
API.AI,

✓ Languages
Premonition, etc. 33
Semple AI application
III. Social Networking
I. Commuting
➢ Facebook
➢ Google’s AI-Powered Predictions ➢ Pinterest
➢ Instagram
➢ Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
➢ Snapchat
➢ Commercial Flights Use an AI IV. Online Shopping
Autopilot ➢ Search
➢ Recommendations
II. Email
V. Mobile Use
➢ Spam Filters ➢ Voice-to-Tex
➢ Smart Email Categorization ➢ Smart Personal Assistants

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