Sec 3 Work - Energy - Power - Equilibrium

WORK, ENERGY AND
POWER
Energy (Joule)
Energy is an abstract being inside an object that produce force or
changes. We can only see the product of the result of energy.
Unit of energy is Joule. Energy has a lot of different types:
-Gravitational potential energy is potential energy at certain height.
Example: a 0.5 kg book at 2 m high. Potential energy is directly
proportional to the height. Means the higher the object the bigger the
potential energy inside the object.
PE=mass x gravity x height=0.5x10x2=10 J
-Kinetic energy is the energy needed for an object to move. An object at
rest will have 0 J kinetic energy. Example: a 1000 kg car moves at 10 m/s.
KE= ½ . mass. (speed)2 =1/2 x 1000 x (10)2=50,000 J
-Other types of energy: Elastic energy (ex: rope, spring), Heat
energy(hot
object), Sound Energy(voice), LIght energy(lamp), chemical
energy(chemicals,
food), Mechanical energy (KE+PE).
Conservation of Energy
 Principle of Energy or
conservation of energy:
‘Energy can not be created
nor destroyed, it only
changes its forms.’
 Energy transforms itself

from one type to another.
 Energy at beginning=
energy at the end.
Example of Conservation of Energy
1.5 kg toycar moves at 2 m/s . Find the:

a) Kinetic energy(KE) of the toy car
b) If the toycar hits the wall and make some

sound energy at
1J. What will be the KE after the collision ?
c) If the toycar after collision stops at the end.

Where the
energy goes to ?
Work,Energy and power
worksheet 1
1. Find the kinetic energy of a 2 kg ball that moves at 30 m/s speed.
2. Find the potential energy of the same ball (2 kg) at 5 m high.
3. Find the total energy of a 2 kg ball which is moving at 30 m/s speed a
5m
high.
4. When the ball moves below 5 m high, which energy is decreased?
5. What about the total energy will it be changed?
6. What energy is increased as the ball moves downward ?
7. A 0.5 kg ball moves is moving freely downward from 5 m high place.
Find:
(a) the potential energy at beginning
(b) the kinetic energy at beginning
(c) the mechanical energy at beginning
(d) the potential energy of the ball 3 m from the floor.
(e) The kinetic energy of the ball 3 m from the floor.
(f) the potential energy when it is about toching the ground.
(g) the kinetic energy when it is about toching the ground.
Work is change of energy
Work is defined as change of energy OR it is the
produce of Force and distance. The unit of work is also
Joule.
Work= final energy-initial energy
Work= Force x distance
Example:
1.(a) If a 1.5 kg box is pushed by 10 N force as far as 2

m, calculate the work.
(b) If the box was moving with 5 J kinetic energy at
beginning what is the final kinetic energy of the
box ?
Typical Values of Work
Activity Equivalent work (J)
Annual U.S. energy use 8 x 1019

Mt. St. Helens eruption 1018
Burning one gallon of gas 108
Human food intake/day 107
Melting an ice cube 104
Lighting a 100-W bulb for 1 minute 6000
Heartbeat 0.5
Turning page of a book 10–3
Hop of a flea 10–7
Breaking a bond in DNA 10–20
Figure 7-6
Graphical Representation of the Work Done
by a Constant Force
Figure 7-7
Work Done by a Non-Constant Force
What is power?
Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at
which energy is transferred.
power = work done / time

taken P = W/t
Where:
 power is measured in watts (W)

 work done or energy transferred is measured in
joules (J)
 time is measured in seconds (s).
Example question 1
A crane lifts a load of

1500 kg a height of 25
m at a steady rate, in a
time of 2 min. What is
the power of the
crane?
P=W/t W = energy transferred = ΔEp
ΔEp = mgΔh
The Power of a moving
object
Block moves with certain average SPEED under influence
of applied force in a constant v.
Power= W/t = Force x speed
P= power (Watt) v=speed(m/s)

t = time (s)
F= Force (N) W= work (J)
Example question 2
What is the resistive force on a cyclist who has leg
muscles of power 200 W each and who reaches a top
speed of 10 ms-1 on a level road?
P = Fv
Efficiency of Power
Efficiency is the ratio of useful power/work by a device,
to the power/work being given as in
efficiency of power=useful power / input power
efficiency of energy=useful energy/ input energy
fficiency is often expressed as a percentage.

Efficiency is always less than 100%, as no device is perfect
and some energy is always lost.
For example, what is the efficiency of a 60 W filament

lamp that gives out 1 W of light?
efficiency =
Work,Energy and power
worksheet 2
1. 1.5 kg box is moved upward at 2 m/s from stop as far as 5 m from the ground in
10 s.
Find:
(a) kinetic energy gaine
(b) potential energy gained
(c) mdechanical energy gained
(d) the work
(e) the power used by the crane.
2. A 2 kg object is moving horizontally from stop by 20 N force to 5 m in 1 minute.
Find:
(a) the work
(b) the final kinetic energy
(c) the power needed to move the object
(d) the efficiency of power if the power given is 5 Watts.
3. A 0.5 ig ball is dropped freely from 5 m high. Find:
(a) the kinetic energy at beginning
(b) the potential energy at beginning
(c) the mechanical energy at beginning.
(c) the potential energy at 3 m high above the ground.
(d) the kinetic energy at 3 m high above the ground
MOMENTS AND
ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
Moment or Torque (N.m)
Moment is a product of Force and
perpendicular distance to the fulcrum/pivot.
Fulcrum/pivot is the center of the rotation
Lever arm length (m)
Moment (N.m) = r x F
Force (N)
Moment of weight=
(2 kg x 10) x 0.5 m= 10
N.m
Moment of
Force=
20 N x 1.2 m =24 N.m
Simple Machines
Other Examples:
Clockwise moment
(right): 6x50=300
N.m
Anticlockwise moment
(left):
4x80=320 N.m
Rotational Equilibrium
Rotational equilibrium happens when:
Total clockwise = Total anti
clockwise
moments (right)
moments(left)
Clockwise moment:
Fx1=F
Example:
Anticlockwise moment:
500x2=1000 N.m
So to be equilibrium
F of person A should
be 1000 N.
Moments and equilibrium
Worksheet
4. Ruler is 240 cm long, uniform in
thickness. Calculate needed at X to
balance the ruler.
5. What is the moment of the 12 N
force if the edge of the lever connected
to F = 12 N
two lengths of plank 3 m and 2 m ?
6. Find the F to make the system d=3m
d=2m
below in equilibrium
7. Find the weight of the board to

make the system stable
Moments and equilibrium
Worksheet 2
Equilibrium experiment
Method:
1. Stabilize a wooden ruler using a pen/marker as a pivot in the middle
2. Put 5 grams load at the right side at exactly 90cm(or 40cm from the
center).
3. Stabilize it by putting 5 grams on the other side.
4. Repeat no. 2 and stabilize it with different masses at the other side: 10 ,15
and 20 grams.
Data:
Torque at the left Mass at the Distance from Torque at the
side right side (kg) the pivot (cm) right
(mxgxd) (N.m) (mxgxd) (N.m)
0.005x10x0.9= 0.005
0.045
0.01
0.015
0.02
Analysis : Comparison between torque at the left side to the right side. Is it
significantly different ? Explain your answer by mentioning some of the data.
Evaluation: Why the results are not completely accurate? how to improve

Sec 3 Work - Energy - Power - Equilibrium

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WORK, ENERGY AND

 Energy transforms itself

1.5 kg toycar moves at 2 m/s . Find the:

b) If the toycar hits the wall and make some

c) If the toycar after collision stops at the end.

1.(a) If a 1.5 kg box is pushed by 10 N force as far as 2

Annual U.S. energy use 8 x 1019

power = work done / time

 power is measured in watts (W)

A crane lifts a load of

Power= W/t = Force x speed

P= power (Watt) v=speed(m/s)

efficiency of power=useful power / input power

efficiency of energy=useful energy/ input energy

fficiency is often expressed as a percentage.

For example, what is the efficiency of a 60 W filament

7. Find the weight of the board to

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