Developing Writing Skills

and Strategies

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Writing brings significant effect in teaching a foreign

language not only to students but also to teachers who
work with them. It helps develop critical thinking,
promotes student autonomy and encourages the
student’s confidence, speech and creativity.

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It’s the teacher’s role and task to help students

understand the significance of writing in the process
of foreign language acquisition.

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There are two different views on devloping writing
skills. These are;

-Writing as a product.

-Writing as a process

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 Writing As a Product
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- It’s the oldest approach to writing.

-It’s an approach to teaching writing that focuses not on the

writing process but students' final production.

-The writer is forced to “think before writing.” Product-oriented

writers must have a clear plan in their heads before they start.

-The text is produced in one sitting, without revising or taking

pauses during work.
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-Punctuation,spelling and correct usage is importnat

and the teachers comment and grade the final
products.

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7 Advantages:

-Less time-consuming.

-Can release creativity.

-Can be thrilling to race against the clock.

-Well adapted to visual thinkers who picture the result in

their mind before they start to write.

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Disadvantages:

-Can be demoralising and incapacitating for some

writers.

-There is a lot to be learned through the process of

writing, revising, and rewriting that isn’t
included in this approach.

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-Producing only one draft forces the writer to settle

for what came first, which may or may not be their
best work.

-It leaves little or no opportunity for feedback from

others.

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10 Wiriting As a Process

-It focuses on the process in which a writer goes

through when writing.

-The emphasis is on the developmental stages which

gives an idea as to how the writer copes with the
writing.

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11 Stages of Writing process

-prewriting (planning)
-Drafting
-Revision
-Editing

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12 Prewriting (Planing)

- consists of some strategies such as brainstorming,

free writing, clustering, journaling and outlining.

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 Brainstorming:
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Also called listing is a strategy that writers use to brainstorm and write ideas
about their chosen topic as they come.

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After you have compiled your list of potential
subjects, choose the one you think you may be
interested in. This time, make a subject-specific
list in which you put down as many thoughts as
you can regarding the one topic you’ve chosen.
go on to the following listing. This list will
assist you in your search for a central theme for
your writing

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 Free writing:
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Is a technique in which the author writes their thoughts

quickly and continuously, without worrying about form,
style, or even grammar. Alongside brainstorming,
freewriting is typically used early in the writing process to
collect and manifest one's thoughts.

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17 Here are some rules that can make freewriting easier:

-Keep your hand moving the whole time. Don’t pause to reread the line you
have just written. That’s stalling and trying to control what you’re saying.

-Don’t cross out and especially don’t erase. That’s editing, not writing. Even if
you write something you didn’t mean to write, leave it.

-Don’t worry about spelling, punctuation, or grammar. Don’t even care about
staying within the margins or lines on the page.

-Don’t think. Don’t get logical.

-If something comes up in your writing that is scary or unexpected or

vulnerable, don’t be afraid of it.
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Example: I have to write a paper about the environment. I have

no idea where to start! I know there are many problems with the
environment, but I don’t know much about this topic. Maybe I
could take a look at my biology book to come up with some ideas.
I know my biology professor is also really into the environment,
so maybe I could ask for his help.

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Clustering (Mind mapping,Webbing)

Clustering can be a fun way to start a writing assignment or

project. Clustering is when a writer is considering keywords
and terms for their writing. This usually starts with a major
topic, followed by its related topics and subtopics.
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Clustering also includes the act of creating visually

interactive notes and diagrams of keywords and
terms. Cluster diagrams will allow the writer to see
which ideas are the most important, and how they
are associated with each other. Clustering is an
important part of starting a piece of writing.

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Other names for clustering are brainstorming and mind

mapping. Brainstorming is generating all the key ideas
and subtopics that will be related to the main idea or
topic of the piece of writing. Mind mapping comprises
the creation of a diagram or visual that helps the writer
connect all the ideas and relate them back to the
main idea or topic.

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23 Journalistic Technique

All journalists set out to find answers to the same essential

questions: Who is involved? What is happening? Where is
it happening? When is it happening? Why is it happening?
How is it happening? These journalistic questions are also
known as the 5 W’s and H. These questions are also useful
to you as writers when you are describing an event or
writing an informative essay.

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24 Outlining

An outline is a map of your essay. It shows what

information each section or paragraph will contain,
and in what order. It is a tool we use in the writing
process to help organize our ideas, visualize our
paper’s potential structure, and to further flesh out and
develop points.An outline provides the writer with a
space to consider ideas easily without needing to write
complete paragraphs or sentences.
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26 Drafting

-topic sentence

-coherence

-cohesion

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The second step of the writing process involves drafting.

During drafting, the writer puts his ideas into complete
thoughts, such as sentences and paragraphs.

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The writer organizes his ideas in a way that allows the

reader to understand his message. He does this by focusing
on which ideas or topics to include in the piece of writing.
During drafting, the writer will compose an introduction to
the piece and develop a conclusion for the material

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The process of drafting a piece of writing begins with an

analysis of the prewriting. The author must use his
prewriting notes to determine a focus for the piece. This
may involve narrowing the focus of the topic and perhaps
identifying a purpose for the piece.

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For example, an author may decide to write an essay
about dogs. He could have developed his prewriting
notes with information about three topics relating to
dogs: Show dogs, working dogs, and dog racing. These
are all topics that could stand alone in an essay. During
drafting, the author should choose just one of these
topics for his piece of writing.

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Once he has chosen a topic, he should identify a purpose for

the essay. For instance, if the writing was meant to be
informational, he might choose to write about working dogs,
his purpose being to impart information.

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32 On the other hand, if he chose to write a persuasive
essay, perhaps he would choose to write about dog
racing, arguing for or against this controversial
topic. After determining a purpose for a piece of
writing, it is easy to begin drafting. Any
information that is unrelated to the topic and its
purpose should be eliminated from the prewriting.

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 Topic Sentence
A topic sentence introduces the main idea of a
paragraph and supports the main thesis of a paper or
essay.
The topic sentence is typically the first sentence of a
paragraph, and it introduces the subject of a paragraph by
laying out a controlling idea or particular point of view
on the topic.
 The rest of the paragraph will include supporting
sentences with examples and evidence to support the
main point.
Writer should explain topic sentence in order to
maintain paragraph’s unity.
 The author should explain the subject he/she wants to
tell by giving general information without going into
details.
Every sentence the author refers to must be related to
or contain the topic sentence
Some topic sentences:
Pollution is the common problem of all societies.
The problem of nutrition is increasing day by day all
over the world.
Some other topic sentences on books
Books are our information sources.
Books are the best resources to learn about anything.
Reading a book changes one's vision and perspective.
Reading reduces stress and deppression symptoms.
 Another important thing in writing is that writer
should limit the subject in a certain frame and give
information about the topic specifically with ideal
lenght.
 The topic sentence should not contain excessive
details about the subject, otherwise it will cause a
undeveloped body.
 The topic given in the topic sentence in the paragraph
is supported by the continuation of the supporting
thoughts in the development section, and the last part
is the conclusion.
Single Paragraph
Topic sentence: The first sentence that introduces the main idea and
the writer’s view.
Evidence1: Sentences written to provide the first evidence and
support the topic sentence
Evidence 2: Sentences written to provide the second evidence
Conclusion: The last sentence of the paragraph, functions as a mark
of finality of the argument.
 Cohesion
In writing, cohesion occurs when the elements of a
text work together to present a unified whole.
 Cohesion refers to words, phrases, sentences, and
paragraphs that stick together or work well together,
allowing the writer to clearly convey a well-
developed idea.
 For instance ‘it’, ‘either’ and ‘that’ refer to something
already mentioned before. ‘Secondly’, ‘after’ helps to
order the text ‘On the other hand’ ‘besides’ connects
ideas.
 Cohesion is like the roots that hold the plant upright
and together.
 Coherence
Coherence is the logical bridge between words,
sentences, and paragraphs. Coherent writing uses
devices to connect ideas within each sentence and
paragraph.
 While cohesion is the ties and connections that exist
within the actual texts, coherence is the sense of
everything fitting together in the interpretation of texts.
Revision stage
Revision is a process in writing of rearranging, adding,
or removing paragraphs, sentences, or words.
As you reread your paper, you may see weaknesses in
your argument that need strengthening, and you may thus
have to do a little more thinking and research.
Editing
Editing is the stage after the paragraph becomes a draft.
Editing is process in which a writer strives to improve a
draft by correcting errors and making words and
sentences clearer, more precise, and as
effective as possible.